The Importance of Lean Body Mass for the Rate of Force Development in Taekwondo Athletes and Track and Field Throwers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Training Background
2.4. Testing Procedures
2.4.1. Countermovement Jumps
2.4.2. Leg Press Rate of Force Development
2.4.3. Leg Extension Rate of Force Development
2.4.4. Muscle Architecture
2.4.5. Body Composition Analysis
2.5. Statistics Procedures
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Evaluation | Parameter | Taekwondo | Throwers | p | η2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Body composition | Body height (cm) | 174.3 ± 4.9 | 183.3 ± 4.9 | 0.002 | 0.486 |
Body mass (kg) | 66.3 ± 7.8 | 99.3 ± 9.9 | 0.000 | 0.791 | |
LBM total (kg) | 55.2 ± 4.9 | 75.9 ± 3.4 | 0.000 | 0.877 | |
LBM arms (kg) | 7.8 ± 1.1 | 9.6 ± 0.8 | 0.002 | 0.509 | |
LBM trunk (kg) | 25.0 ± 2.0 | 35.6 ± 2.0 | 0.000 | 0.886 | |
LBM legs (kg) | 18.7 ± 2.8 | 27.0 ± 1.8 | 0.000 | 0.789 | |
BMD total (g·cm2) | 1.3 ± 0.09 | 1.5 ± 0.08 | 0.002 | 0.473 | |
Body fat (%) | 10.9 ± 7.1 | 17.3 ± 5.0 | 0.053 | 0.241 | |
CMJ | Jump height (cm) | 39.9 ± 5.9 | 45.8 ± 5.5 | 0.037 | 0.254 |
Max power (W) | 918.4 ± 149.1 | 1578.6 ± 280.2 | 0.000 | 0.702 | |
Max power/LBM (W/kg) | 16.7 ± 2.5 | 20.8 ± 3.5 | 0.015 | 0.335 | |
Max velocity (m·s−1) | 3.3 ± 0.5 | 3.8 ± 0.5 | 0.037 | 0.258 | |
ARFD (N·s−1) | 546.1 ± 168.9 | 649.6 ± 218.2 | 0.296 | 0.072 | |
VL architecture | Thickness (cm) | 2.4 ± 0.2 | 3.0 ± 0.5 | 0.007 | 0.398 |
Fascicle angle (°) | 17.0 ± 2.5 | 22.7 ± 3.3 | 0.001 | 0.511 | |
Fascicle length (cm) | 8.4 ± 0.4 | 8.4 ± 0.8 | 0.888 | 0.001 | |
GM architecture | Thickness (cm) | 1.9 ± 0.4 | 2.3 ± 0.2 | 0.042 | 0.248 |
Fascicle angle (°) | 22.2 ± 4.6 | 25.7 ± 4.4 | 0.134 | 0.143 | |
Fascicle length (cm) | 6.2 ± 0.7 | 5.9 ± 0.9 | 0.521 | 0.033 |
Parameter | Taekwondo | Throwers | p | η2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leg Press | |||||
MIF (kg) | 349.6 ± 75.5 | 529.9 ± 67.5 | 0.000 | 0.643 | |
MIF/Legs Lean Mass (kg·kg−1) | 5.8 ± 0.5 | 6.9 ± 0.9 | 0.007 | 0.395 | |
Rate of Force Development (N·s−1) | 30 ms | 22,967.6 ± 8403.7 | 18,827.9 ± 7567.6 | 0.717 | 0.009 |
50 ms | 24,635.3 ± 6243.5 | 25,715.2 ± 6206.4 | 0.267 | 0.082 | |
80 ms | 21,341.3 ± 4035.4 | 27,784.1 ± 3362.9 | 0.004 | 0.440 | |
100 ms | 19,903.2 ± 3388.9 | 26,929.5 ± 3036.1 | 0.003 | 0.457 | |
150 ms | 16,512.6 ± 2703.1 | 22,735.9 ± 1973.4 | 0.001 | 0.519 | |
200 ms | 13,441.5 ± 2171.2 | 19,683.7 ± 2509.5 | 0.001 | 0.506 | |
250 ms | 11,440.9 ± 1761.9 | 16,996.5 ± 1668.7 | 0.000 | 0.616 | |
Sequential Rate of Force Development (N·s−1) | 30–50 ms | 27,136.9 ± 8846.5 | 36,046.3 ± 7473.6 | 0.040 | 0.252 |
50–80 ms | 15,851.3 ± 8083.4 | 31,232.1 ± 9088.6 | 0.002 | 0.472 | |
80–100 ms | 14,150.9 ± 2103.6 | 23,511.3 ± 4994.8 | 0.000 | 0.617 | |
100–150 ms | 9731.5 ± 2688.3 | 14,348.8 ± 3996.6 | 0.015 | 0.336 | |
150–200 ms | 4228.1 ± 2861.2 | 10,527.2 ± 5904.6 | 0.015 | 0.333 | |
200–250 ms | 3438.4 ± 1433.5 | 6247.8 ± 3930.5 | 0.076 | 0.195 | |
Leg Extension | |||||
MIT (N·m) | 218.6 ± 34.5 | 371.2 ± 52.3 | 0.000 | 0.765 | |
MIT/Legs Lean Mass (Nm·Kg−1) | 2.9 ± 0.2 | 3.4 ± 0.4 | 0.036 | 0.261 | |
Rate of Force Development (Nm·s−1) | 30 ms | 1059.7 ± 384.3 | 1196.9 ± 707.6 | 0.613 | 0.016 |
50 ms | 1454.5 ± 370.2 | 1869.5 ± 604.2 | 0.114 | 0.158 | |
80 ms | 1283.7 ± 179.3 | 1979.6 ± 444.5 | 0.001 | 0.532 | |
100 ms | 1197.8 ± 191.8 | 1885.1 ± 313.8 | 0.000 | 0.657 | |
150 ms | 1148.9 ± 182.8 | 1782.8 ± 184.3 | 0.000 | 0.771 | |
200 ms | 972.6 ± 161.9 | 1557.2 ± 176.9 | 0.000 | 0.763 | |
250 ms | 825.9 ± 150.1 | 1271.4 ± 146.1 | 0.000 | 0.719 | |
Sequential Rate of Force Development (Nm·s−1) | 30–50 ms | 2046.7 ± 380.3 | 9319.3 ± 2752.4 | 0.000 | 0.784 |
50–80 ms | 6080.7 ± 870.4 | 9457.4 ± 1873.7 | 0.000 | 0.591 | |
80–100 ms | 9732.9 ± 1642.8 | 14,536.2 ± 1475.2 | 0.000 | 0.729 | |
100–150 ms | 6144.4 ± 840.3 | 9007.2 ± 992.3 | 0.000 | 0.730 | |
150–200 ms | 6187.2 ± 836.6 | 9554.4 ± 1532.6 | 0.000 | 0.669 | |
200–250 ms | 6332.5 ± 966.4 | 8975.1 ± 1171.9 | 0.000 | 0.628 |
Dependent | Independent | ANOVA | Variable Explained (%) | β | Sig. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CMJ Power | VL Thickness | F = 5.746 p = 0.015 | 37.2 | 0.850 | 0.004 |
VL Fascicle Length | −0.573 | 0.039 | |||
LPRFD80ms | VL Thickness | F = 10.458 p = 0.002 | 54.2 | 0.982 | 0.000 |
VL Fascicle Length | −0.588 | 0.016 | |||
LPRFD100ms | VL Thickness | F = 11.911 p = 0.001 | 57.7 | 1.000 | 0.000 |
VL Fascicle Length | −0.522 | 0.024 | |||
LPRFD150ms | VL Thickness | F = 9.847 p = 0.002 | 52.5 | 0.964 | 0.001 |
VL Fascicle Length | −0.509 | 0.035 | |||
LPRFD200ms | VL Thickness | F = 7.581 p = 0.006 | 45.1 | 0.895 | 0.002 |
VL Fascicle Length | −0.401 | 0.110 | |||
LPRFD250ms | VL Thickness | F = 10.891 p = 0.001 | 55.3 | 0.972 | 0.000 |
VL Fascicle Length | −0.447 | 0.054 | |||
LPRFDMIF | VL Thickness | F = 12.517 p = 0.001 | 59.0 | 0.985 | 0.000 |
VL Fascicle Length | −0.410 | 0.063 | |||
LERFD80ms | VL Thickness | F = 4.305 p = 0.035 | 29.2 | 0.765 | 0.012 |
VL Fascicle Length | −0.338 | 0.226 | |||
LERFD100ms | VL Thickness | F = 7.422 p = 0.006 | 44.5 | 0.884 | 0.002 |
VL Fascicle Length | −0.372 | 0.138 | |||
LERFD150ms | VL Thickness | F = 7.224 p = 0.007 | 43.8 | 0.904 | 0.002 |
VL Fascicle Length | −0.541 | 0.039 | |||
LERFD200ms | VL Thickness | F = 9.073 p = 0.003 | 50.2 | 0.950 | 0.001 |
VL Fascicle Length | −0.515 | 0.037 | |||
LERFD250ms | VL Thickness | F = 7.958 p = 0.005 | 46.5 | 0.920 | 0.001 |
VL Fascicle Length | −0.488 | 0.054 | |||
LERFDMIF | VL Thickness | F = 9.069 p = 0.003 | 50.2 | 0.936 | 0.001 |
VL Fascicle Length | −0.434 | 0.073 |
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Kavvoura, A.; Zaras, N.; Stasinaki, A.-N.; Arnaoutis, G.; Methenitis, S.; Terzis, G. The Importance of Lean Body Mass for the Rate of Force Development in Taekwondo Athletes and Track and Field Throwers. J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2018, 3, 43. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk3030043
Kavvoura A, Zaras N, Stasinaki A-N, Arnaoutis G, Methenitis S, Terzis G. The Importance of Lean Body Mass for the Rate of Force Development in Taekwondo Athletes and Track and Field Throwers. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology. 2018; 3(3):43. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk3030043
Chicago/Turabian StyleKavvoura, Angeliki, Nikolaos Zaras, Angeliki-Nikoletta Stasinaki, Giannis Arnaoutis, Spyridon Methenitis, and Gerasimos Terzis. 2018. "The Importance of Lean Body Mass for the Rate of Force Development in Taekwondo Athletes and Track and Field Throwers" Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 3, no. 3: 43. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk3030043