Cyber Physical Energy Systems Modules for Power Sharing Controllers in Inverter Based Microgrids
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- The power sharing problem for inverter based MGs is presented in detail in a CPES context.
- New trends to solve the open challenges on MG power sharing are presented and classified.
- The main communication architectures that are typically used in the new power sharing control strategies are identified and classified.
- A CPES methodology is used to obtain standard modules for each strategy and identify the main cybernetic and physical characteristics.
- New power sharing CPES modules have been developed including the Cooperative-Adaptive Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) Virtual Impedance strategy module.
Preliminaries and Notation
2. Power Sharing Problem in Islanded Microgrids
The Conventional Droop Control
3. Cyber Physical Microgrid Modeling
- Build a CPES module for each component of the large scale system characterized by physical and cybernetic input and output signals as well as internal dynamics, local sensing and actuation.
- Integrate CPES modules following network constraints.
3.1. Dynamic Models for the CPES Microgrid Modules
3.2. Cybernetic Requirements and Challenges in the New MG Power Sharing Control Strategies
3.2.1. Communication Architectures
- Centralized: Communications between each IDG with an Energy Management System (EMS) (Some previous literature calls to the EMS also as Microgrid Central Controller (MGCC) [51]).
- Distributed: Communication links among neighbor DGs.
- Hybrid: Using centralized and distributed architectures together.
3.2.2. Communication Requirements
3.2.3. Communication Time Delays and Package Losses
3.2.4. Cyber Security
- False-data injection attack (FDIA),
- Denial of service,
- Jamming,
- Random attacks.
4. Cyber Physical Energy System Modules for Power Sharing Controllers
4.1. Adaptive Voltage Droop Control
4.2. Consensus Based Approach
4.3. Cooperative Droop Free Secondary Control
4.4. Adaptive Virtual Impedance
4.5. Synchronous-Reference-Frame Virtual Impedance
4.6. Cooperative-Adaptive SRF Virtual Impedance Algorithm
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Control Strategy | Communication Time Delays | Communication Bandwidth | Data Dropout | Communication Architecture (See Figure 4) | Communication Failure | CPES Module (Cyber Inputs-Outputs) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adaptive Voltage Droop Control [42,54] | 200 , 1 s, 2 s | Not tested | 50%, 95% | Centralized | Single point | Figure 5 (1−1) |
Consensus Based Approach [34] | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Distributed | Not tested | Figure 6 (k−1) |
Cooperative Droop Free [45,55] | 1 , 50 , 150 | 100 kHz, 10 kHz, 1 kHz | Not tested | Hybrid | Single point | Figure 7 (3 + 2k) |
Adaptive Virtual Impedance [47] | 0.1, 0.05 s | Not tested | Not tested | Centralized | Single point | Figure 8 (1−1) |
SRF Virtual Impedance [57,59] | Not required | Not required | Not required | Not required | Not required | Figure 9 (0−0) |
Cooperative-Adaptive SRF-VI [25] | 0.1 s 0.3 s | Not tested | Not tested | Distributed | Not tested | Figure 10 (2k−2) |
Category | Potential Advantages | Potential Disadvantages | References |
---|---|---|---|
Conventional Droop Control | Accurate active power sharing | Reactive power sharing error | [60,61,62,63] |
Use of local information | Voltage and frequency recovery requirement | ||
Slow response and Stability performance | |||
Adaptive Voltage Droop Control | Accurate active and reactive power sharing | Higher communication cost | [42,54] |
Voltage and frequency recovery requirement | |||
Adaptive Virtual Impedance | Accurate active and reactive power sharing | Line impedance independence | [47] |
Consensus Based Approach | Accurate power sharing | Voltage and Frequency Recovery | [34] |
Impedance parameters independence | Communication faults and delays | ||
Lower communication cost | robustness analysis not available | ||
Cooperative Droop Free | Accurate power sharing | Distributed Communications required | [45,55] |
Voltage and frequency regulation | |||
SRF Virtual Impedance | Use of local information | Requirement of voltage recovery | [57,59] |
Free active/reactive power calculation | Line impedance restrictions | ||
Faster response | SRF-PLL based synchronization required | ||
Cooperative-Adaptive SRF-VI | Accurate active and | Requirement of voltage recovery | [25] |
reactive power sharing | SRF-PLL based synchronization required | ||
Free power calculation |
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Macana, C.A.; Abdou, A.F.; Pota, H.R.; Guerrero, J.M.; Vasquez, J.C. Cyber Physical Energy Systems Modules for Power Sharing Controllers in Inverter Based Microgrids. Inventions 2018, 3, 66. https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions3030066
Macana CA, Abdou AF, Pota HR, Guerrero JM, Vasquez JC. Cyber Physical Energy Systems Modules for Power Sharing Controllers in Inverter Based Microgrids. Inventions. 2018; 3(3):66. https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions3030066
Chicago/Turabian StyleMacana, Carlos A., Ahmed F. Abdou, Hemanshu R. Pota, Josep M. Guerrero, and Juan C. Vasquez. 2018. "Cyber Physical Energy Systems Modules for Power Sharing Controllers in Inverter Based Microgrids" Inventions 3, no. 3: 66. https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions3030066