Dimples for Skin-Friction Drag Reduction: Status and Perspectives
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Characterization of a Dimpled Surface
2. Do Dimples Work?
2.1. Experimental Studies
2.2. Numerical Simulations
3. How to Design Dimples?
3.1. The Shape of the Dimple
3.2. The Arrangement of the Dimples
4. How Do Dimples Work?
4.1. Self-Organized Secondary Tornado-like Jets
4.2. Spanwise Forcing
5. How to Set Up a Proper Comparison
5.1. Measurement of the Drag (Difference)
5.2. The Reynolds Number
5.3. The Equivalent Flat Wall
5.4. The Drag Reduction Metrics
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Computational Details
References
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Article | Num/Exp | Flow | Re | Shape | Cov% | Layout | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LBK-08 [26] | Exp | CF | ≈10,000 | Circ | 5 | - | - | 0 | A | 0 | ||
DNS (FVM) | CF | Circ | 5 | - | - | 0 | A | |||||
VV-09 [16] | Exp | BL | - | Circ | - | 5 | - | - | 0 | 60 | S | |
T-11 [17] | Exp | CF | ≈17,500 | Circ | 5 | 5 | 0 | 90 | S | |||
TKC-15 [18] | Exp | CF | ≈32,100 | Circ | 5 | 5 | 0 | 90 | S | |||
VVVS-16 [19] | Exp | BL | ≈1500 | Circ | 0 | S | ||||||
TLKJ-16 [20] | Exp | CF | ≈5625 | Triang Up | 5 | - | - | - | S | |||
Exp | CF | ≈5625 | Triang Do | 5 | - | - | - | S | ||||
Exp | CF | ≈50,350 | Circ | 5 | 5 | - | - | 90 | S | |||
TKC-17 [14] | DES (FVM) | CF | ≈2830 | Circ | 5 | 0 | 90 | S | ||||
TL-17 [21] | Exp | CF | ≈28,600 | Circ | 5 | - | - | 90 | S | |||
TL-18 [22] | Exp | CF | ≈42,850 | Circ | 5 | 5 | - | - | 0 | - | S | |
Exp | CF | ≈30,140 | Tear Up | 5 | - | - | 84 | S | ||||
Exp | CF | ≈22,270 | Tear Dp | 5 | - | - | 84 | S | ||||
VVVVS-18 [24] | Exp | BL | - | Circ | - | - | 0 | - | S/A/H | |||
SSSTPW-19 [23] | DNS (FVM) | BL | 30,000 | Circ | - | - | 0 | - | S | |||
TLK-19 [27] | Exp | CF | ≈30,000 | Diam | 5 | - | - | 0 | 99 | S | ||
PWFB-19 [13] | LES (FVM) | HCF | ≈6121 | Circ | 0 | - | S | |||||
NJLTK-20 [15] | DNS (SEM) | CF | 2800 | Circ | 5 | 5 | S | |||||
DNS (SEM) | CF | 2800 | Ell | 5 | 0 | S | ||||||
DNS (SEM) | CF | 2800 | Tear Up | 5 | S | |||||||
DNS (SEM) | CF | 2800 | Tear Dp | 5 | S | |||||||
DNS (SEM) | CF | 2800 | Diam | 5 | 0 | S |
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Gattere, F.; Chiarini, A.; Quadrio, M. Dimples for Skin-Friction Drag Reduction: Status and Perspectives. Fluids 2022, 7, 240. https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids7070240
Gattere F, Chiarini A, Quadrio M. Dimples for Skin-Friction Drag Reduction: Status and Perspectives. Fluids. 2022; 7(7):240. https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids7070240
Chicago/Turabian StyleGattere, Federica, Alessandro Chiarini, and Maurizio Quadrio. 2022. "Dimples for Skin-Friction Drag Reduction: Status and Perspectives" Fluids 7, no. 7: 240. https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids7070240