Recent Developments in Tough Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Strategies to Construct Tough Hydrogels
2.1. Covalent Network with Non-Covalent Crosslinks (Dual-Crosslink)
2.2. Highly Stretchable Polymer Network
2.2.1. Polymer-Intercalated Nanocomposite Hydrogel
2.2.2. Elastomer-Like Protein-Based Hydrogel
2.3. Double-Network Hydrogel
3. Tough Hydrogels as Tissue Adhesives
3.1. Biomimetic Adhesive Hydrogels
3.1.1. Marine Mussel-Inspired Adhesive Hydrogels
Catechol-Containing Hydrogels Covalently Bonding to Tissue
Polydopamine-Based Adhesives Non-Covalently Bonding to Tissue
3.1.2. Tannic Acid-Based Adhesive Hydrogels
3.1.3. Oyster-Inspired Adhesive Hydrogels
3.2. Nanocomposite Hydrogels as Tissue Adhesives
3.3. Tough and Stretchable IPN as a Tissue Adhesive
4. Tough Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering
4.1. Tough Hydrogel Implementation Methods
4.1.1. Tough Hydrogel as an Acellular Scaffold
4.1.2. Tough Hydrogel as a Cell-Laden Scaffold
4.1.3. 3D-Printed Tough Hydrogel
Design of Ink for Tough Hydrogel Printing
3D-Printed Hybrid with Tough Hydrogel Infused
4.2. Examples of Tough Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering
4.2.1. Cartilage Tissue Engineering
4.2.2. Cornea Tissue Engineering
4.2.3. Cardiovascular System Tissue Engineering
5. Tough Hydrogels for Actuators and Soft Robots
5.1. Actuation of Homogenous Tough Hydrogels
5.2. Actuation of Bi-Layered Tough Hydrogels
6. Future Outlooks
7. Summary
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Liu, Y.; He, W.; Zhang, Z.; Lee, B.P. Recent Developments in Tough Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications. Gels 2018, 4, 46. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels4020046
Liu Y, He W, Zhang Z, Lee BP. Recent Developments in Tough Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications. Gels. 2018; 4(2):46. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels4020046
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Yuan, Weilue He, Zhongtian Zhang, and Bruce P. Lee. 2018. "Recent Developments in Tough Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications" Gels 4, no. 2: 46. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels4020046