Biocontrol Potential of Trichoderma asperellum Strain 576 against Exserohilum turcicum in Zea mays
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Fungal Strains and Identification
2.2. Dual-Culture Antagonistic Activity Assay
2.3. Effect of Non-Volatile Substances Produced by Trichoderma Strains
2.4. Effect of Volatile Substances Produced by Trichoderma Strains
2.5. Fermentation Broth Antagonistic Assays
2.6. Enzymatic Activity
2.7. Effect of T. asperellum 576 on Maize Seed Germination
2.8. Biocontrol Effect of T. asperellum 576 against E. turcicum 101
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Species Identification and Phylogenetic Analysis
3.2. Dual Culture Tests
3.3. Antagonistic Effect by Trichoderma Non-Volatile Substances
3.4. Fungal Growth Inhibition by Trichoderma Volatile Substances
3.5. Antifungal Activity of the Co-Culture Suspension against E. turcicum 101
3.6. Activity of Cell Wall Degradation Enzymes
3.7. Stimulating Germination of Maize Seeds by T. asperellum 576
3.8. Effect of T. asperellum 576 on E. turcicum 101 in Maize Seedlings
4. Discussion
4.1. Evidence of Direct Mycoparasitism and Intraspecies Variability in Trichoderma-E. turcicum Interaction
4.2. Non-Volatile Metabolites of Trichoderma spp.: Potent Inhibitors of E. turcicum 101 and Antibiosis as a Key Biocontrol Mechanism
4.3. Unveiling the Pole of Trichoderma Volatile Substances in Inhibiting E. turcicum 101: A Potential Mechanism for Enhanced Biological Control
4.4. Potent Antifungal Activity of T. asperellum 576 in Co-Culture with E. turcicum 101: Implications for Endophytic Environment Establishment
4.5. Role of Cell Wall-Degrading Enzymes in the Biocontrol Potential of T. asperellum 576 against E. turcicum 101
4.6. Enhancing Maize Seed Germination with T. asperellum 576: Towards Optimal Spore Dose for Targeted Plant Growth Promotion
4.7. Exploring the Potential of T. asperellum 576 for Plant Growth Promotion and Disease Suppression
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Taxon | Strain/Specimen | GenBank Accession Number | |
---|---|---|---|
TEF1-α | RPB2 | ||
Trichoderma atroviride | 393 | OR548045 1 | OR548096 |
T. afroharzianum | XZ9-1 | OR548046 | OR548111 |
T. breve | 578 | OR548049 | - |
T. brevicompactum | 592 | OR548083 | OR548105 |
T. cerinum | XZ1-3 | OR548077 | OR548110 |
T. chromospermum | 91 | OR548054 | - |
T. chromospermum | 338 | OR548066 | - |
T. crassum | 110 | KT149299 | - |
T. guizhouense | 526 | OR548073 | - |
T. guizhouense | TU2 | OR548076 | OR548109 |
T. hamatum | MSL-3 | OR548084 | - |
T. harzianum | 581 | OR548050 | OR548103 |
T. koningiopsis | 421 | OR548081 | OR548099 |
T. koningiopsis | 439 | OR548071 | OR548101 |
T. linzhiense | 449 | OR548072 | - |
T. longibrachiatum | 539 | OR548074 | OR548102 |
T. longibrachiatum | 3a | OR548053 | - |
T. longifialidicum | 224 | OR548063 | OR548091 |
T. longipile | L-3 | OR548075 | - |
T. dorothopsis | 438 | OR548087 | OR548100 |
T. pararogersonii | 219 | OR548062 | - |
T. paratroviride | 402 | OR548069 | OR548097 |
T. paraviridescens | 295 | OR548079 | OR548092 |
T. petersenii | 509 | OR548047 | - |
T. pleuroticola | 588 | OR548082 | OR548104 |
T. polysporum | 1408 | OR548052 | - |
T. pyramidale | 285 | OR548064 | - |
T. rodmanii | 299 | OR548065 | - |
T. rodmanii | 376 | OR548080 | OR548095 |
T. endophyticum | 99 | KX689257 | OR548108 |
T. auriculariae | 417 | OR548070 | OR548098 |
T. sinense | 204 | OR548060 | - |
T. solum | 375 | OR548068 | OR548094 |
T. stipitatum | 218 | OR548061 | - |
T. strictipile | 370 | OR548078 | - |
T. strictipile | 115 | OR548058 | OR548089 |
T. thailandicum | 1283 | OR548086 | OR548090 |
T. thelephoricola | 342 | OR548067 | OR548093 |
T. tomentosum | 153 | OR548059 | - |
T. vinosum | XZ5-2 | OR548085 | - |
T. longibrachiatum | 593 | OR548051 | OR548106 |
T. zonatum | 220 | MF374809 | MF374806 |
T. italicum | 64 | OR548054 | OR548107 |
T. asperellum | 576 | OR548047 | OR548088 |
T. asperellum | HZA10 | MK850832 | MH647800 |
T. atroviride | CBS 119499 | FJ860611 | FJ860518 |
T. breve | HMAS248845 | KY688046 | KY687984 |
T. compactum | CBS 121218 | KF134798 | KP115276 |
T. evansil | Dis 282d | EU856319 | FJ150784 |
T. helicolixii | CBS 133499 | KJ665517 | KJ665278 |
T. italicum | CBS 132567 | KJ665525 | KJ665282 |
T. harzianum | CBS 226.95 | AF534621 | AF545549 |
T. guizhouense | S628 | KJ665511 | KJ665273 |
T. hamatum | Th23 | OL439486 | OL412667 |
T. longibrachiatum | CBS 816.68 | AY865640 | DQ087242 |
T. polysporum | CPK 3131 | FJ860661 | JQ685878 |
T. rodmanii | CBS 121553 | FJ860687 | FJ860580 |
T. koningiopsis | GJS 93-20 | DQ284966 | EU241506 |
T. paratroviride | CBS136489 | KJ665627 | KJ665321 |
T. brevicompactum | CBS 109720 | OP203936 | OP203935 |
T. pseudolacteum | TUFC 61490 | JX238493 | JX238478 |
Strains | Colony Diameter (mm) | Inhibition Rate (%) |
---|---|---|
576 | 11.18 | 80.81 ± 2.01 a 1 |
393 | 13.29 | 77.68 ± 3.87 ab |
421 | 15.84 | 73.41 ± 2.70 ab |
110 | 18.35 | 69.20 ± 1.23 ab |
3A | 20.35 | 65.84 ± 5.60 bc |
XZ9-1 | 27.64 | 53.60 ± 4.36 cd |
285 | 27.95 | 53.07 ± 2.94 d |
539 | 27.95 | 53.07 ± 2.94 d |
417 | 34.42 | 42.22 ± 2.02 de |
XZ1-3 | 37.25 | 37.46 ± 2.44 ef |
342 | 40.21 | 32.49 ± 3.01 ef |
TU2 | 40.64 | 31.77 ± 5.10 ef |
64 | 43.92 | 26.27 ± 3.30 fg |
402 | 44.82 | 24.75 ± 6.14 g |
CK | 59.56 | - |
Strain | Colony Diameter (mm) | Inhibition Rate (%) |
---|---|---|
576 | 14.72 | 65.86 ± 0.27 a 1 |
393 | 18.31 | 57.54 ± 0.71 ab |
421 | 19.9 | 53.85 ± 0.34 b |
110 | 29.12 | 32.47 ± 0.75 c |
3A | 33.16 | 23.10 ± 0.83 d |
CK | 43.12 | - |
Day | T. asperellum 576 + E. turcicum 101 | T. atroviride 393 + E. turcicum 101 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Colony Diameter (mm) | Inhibition Rate (%) | Colony Diameter (mm) | Inhibition Rate (%) | |
2 | 48.79 | 12.48 ± 2.69 gh 1 | 41.53 | 25.50 ± 3.53 h |
3 | 40.18 | 27.93 ± 4.32 e | 36.86 | 34.12 ± 2.13 fg |
4 | 31.07 | 44.26 ± 3.42 cd | 31.90 | 43.02 ± 1.95 e |
5 | 28.19 | 50.43 ± 3.63 bc | 30.20 | 46.22 ± 1.41 de |
6 | 25.85 | 53.63 ± 0.64 b | 20.94 | 62.50 ± 4.95 a |
7 | 19.82 | 64.45 ± 2.52 a | 27.69 | 50.50 ± 0.71 cd |
8 | 34.04 | 54.94 ± 3.15 b | 24.08 | 57.00 ± 1.39 b |
9 | 44.09 | 50.91 ± 4.23 bc | 25.75 | 54.03 ± 1.88 bc |
10 | 46.41 | 39.74 ± 0.84 de | 28.40 | 49.25 ± 2.37 cd |
11 | 47.20 | 15.32 ± 0.86 fg | 35.29 | 36.50 ± 2.12 f |
12 | 51.84 | 10.71 ± 3.78 h | 38.27 | 31.14 ± 2.83 g |
CK | 55.74 | - | - | - |
Treatment | Shoot Height (cm) | Stem Diameter (cm) | Fresh Shoot (g) | Fresh Root (g) | Dry Shoot (g) | Dry Root (g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 | 70.00 ± 2.00 b 1 | 0.55 ± 0.03 b | 9.42 ± 1.18 b | 3.44 ± 0.40 b | 2.00 ± 0.15 b | 1.65 ± 0.18 b |
T2 | 82.00 ± 1.73 a | 0.65 ± 0.00 a | 14.37 ± 1.86 a | 4.67 ± 0.55 a | 2.97 ± 0.26 a | 2.43 ± 0.06 a |
T3 | 60.33 ± 1.53 c | 0.44 ± 0.05 c | 5.17 ± 1.26 c | 1.65 ± 0.67 c | 1.03 ± 0.49 c | 0.73 ± 0.40 c |
T4 | 65.67 ± 3.21 b | 0.51± 0.20 b | 7.50 ± 0.50 c | 2.79 ± 0.24 b | 1.77 ± 0.17 b | 1.42 ± 0.19 b |
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Share and Cite
Ma, Y.; Li, Y.; Yang, S.; Li, Y.; Zhu, Z. Biocontrol Potential of Trichoderma asperellum Strain 576 against Exserohilum turcicum in Zea mays. J. Fungi 2023, 9, 936. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9090936
Ma Y, Li Y, Yang S, Li Y, Zhu Z. Biocontrol Potential of Trichoderma asperellum Strain 576 against Exserohilum turcicum in Zea mays. Journal of Fungi. 2023; 9(9):936. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9090936
Chicago/Turabian StyleMa, Yukun, Yetong Li, Shijia Yang, Yu Li, and Zhaoxiang Zhu. 2023. "Biocontrol Potential of Trichoderma asperellum Strain 576 against Exserohilum turcicum in Zea mays" Journal of Fungi 9, no. 9: 936. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9090936