Host-Specialist Dominated Ectomycorrhizal Communities of Pinus cembra are not Affected by Temperature Manipulation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Site Descriptions
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Soil Parameters
2.4. Soil Fungal Biomass
2.5. In-Growth Mesh Bags
2.6. Hyphal Length in Mesh Bags
2.7. Sampling and Processing of Ectomycorrhizae
2.8. Molecular Identification of Ectomycorrhiza
2.9. Ectomycorrhiza Inoculum Potential of the Soil
2.10. Sequence Analysis
2.11. Data Handling and Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Soil Temperature and Soil Moisture
3.2. Soil pH
3.3. Soil Organic Matter
Measured Variable | W | K | CO | CM | N |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
May | |||||
SOM 1 | 28.1 ± 6.1 a | 28.7 ± 6.7 a | 27.5 ± 7 a | 29.5 ± 4.5 a | 26.9 ± 2.2 a |
SWC 2 | 43.6 ± 3.2 a | 47.0 ± 7.0 a, b | 50.5 ± 3.2 b | 51.8 ± 2.2 b | 48.3 ± 3.7 a, b |
pH | 3.8 ± 0.1 a | 3.9 ± 0.2 a | 3.9 ± 0.2 a | 4.2 ± 0.2 b | 4.2 ± 0.0 b |
October | |||||
SOM 1 | 26.5 ± 3.4 a | 25.5 ± 5.0 a | 25.8 ± 4.8 a | 27.2 ± 4. 2 a | 22.1 ± 1.9 a |
SWC 2 | 37.5 ± 5.1 a | 37.4 ± 7.3 a | 42.3 ± 4.3 a, b | 43.9 ± 6.4 a, b | 46.6 ± 9.6 b |
pH | 3.9 ± 0.1 a | 4.0 ± 0.1 a | 4.0 ± 0.1 a | 4.0 ± 0.1 a | 4.0 ± 0.0 a |
3.4. Root Dry Weight
3.5. Soil Fungal Biomass
3.6. Hyphal Length for Estimation of Fungal Biomass in Mesh Bags
3.7. Ectomycorrhiza Root Tips and Their Degree of Mycorrhization
Measured Variable | W | K | CO | CM | N |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
May | |||||
Root dry weight 1 | 1.1 ± 1.8 a | 0.5 ± 0.4 a | 1.3 ± 1.6 a | 0.3 ± 0.3 a | 0.7 ± 0.5 a |
EM root tips | 1828 ± 1919 | 1590 ± 1192 | 1374 ± 1209 | 797 ± 613 | 1440 ± 1493 |
Mycorrhization 2 | 99.8 ± 0.5 a | 100 ± 0.1 a | 99.4 ± 1.8 a | 99.6 ± 0.9 a | 99.3 ± 0.9 a |
Ergosterol 3 | 51.6 ± 16.3 a | 45.8 ± 18.1 a | 42.2 ± 11.1 a | 51.3 ± 18.3 a | 47.4 ± 8.4 a |
October | |||||
Root dry weight 1 | 1.2 ± 1.6 a | 0.8 ± 0.6 a | 1.0 ± 0.9 a | 0.8 ± 0.5 a | 0.7 ± 0.7 a |
EM root tips | 2476 ± 1545 | 2000 ± 1282 | 2988 ± 4338 | 2006 ± 1037 | 1846 ± 1701 |
Mycorrhization 2 | 99.6 ± 0.6 a | 99.0 ± 0.9 a | 99.0 ± 1.3 a | 99.6 ± 0.5 a | 98.2 ± 1.8 a |
Ergosterol 3 | 34.7 ± 9. 4 a | 39.5 ± 10.3 a | 35.6 ± 13.9 a | 43.4 ± 10.5 a | 19.0 ± 4.3 b |
Hyphal length | 2.3 ± 1.2 | 3.9 ± 2.2 | 9.8 ± 5.5 | 9.9 ± 7. 8 | 1.6 ± 1.2 |
3.8. Ectomycorrhiza Communities of P. cembra
Closest BLAST Match | Root Tips | Mesh Bags | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W | K | CO | CM | N | W | K | CO | CM | N | |
Suillus placidus | X | X | X | X | X | - | - | - | - | - |
Rhizopogon salebrosus | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | - | X |
Suillus plorans | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
Thelephora terrestris | - | X | X | X | - | - | X | X | X | - |
Suillus sibiricus | X | - | X | X | X | - | - | X | - | - |
Ceratobasidium sp. | X | - | X | - | X | - | - | - | - | - |
Phialocephala fortinii 1 | - | - | X | X | X | - | - | - | - | - |
Amphinema byssoides | - | - | X | X | - | - | - | - | X | - |
Cortinarius anomalus | X | - | X | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Xerocomus ferrugineus | X | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Lactarius deterrimus | - | - | - | - | X | - | - | - | - | - |
Wilcoxina sp. | - | - | - | X | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Articulospora tetracladia 1 | X | - | - | X | X | - | - | - | - | - |
Phialocephala fortinii 2 | - | - | - | - | X | - | - | - | - | - |
Helotiales sp. 4 | - | - | X | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Rhizopogon rubescens | - | - | X | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Articulospora tetracladia 2 | - | X | - | - | X | - | - | - | - | - |
Helotiales sp. 1 | X | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Lactarius rufus | - | - | X | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Meliniomyces bicolor | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | X |
Phialocephala fortinii 3 | - | - | - | - | X | - | - | - | - | - |
Helotiales sp. 3 | - | - | - | - | - | X | - | - | - | - |
Rhizoscyphus ericae | - | - | - | - | - | X | - | - | - | - |
Sistotrema sp. | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | X | - |
Sebacinales sp. | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | X | - |
Suillus sp. | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | X | - |
Sebacina sp. | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | X | - | - |
Glomeromycetes sp. | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | X |
Phialocephala fortinii 3 | - | - | - | - | X | - | - | - | - | - |
Plot | S (n = 4) | E (n = 4) | H (n = 4) | D’ (n = 4) | Indicator Species |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
W | 4.75 ± 1.89 | 0.60 ± 0.17 | 0.85 ± 0.37 | 0.45 ± 0.18 | - |
K | 3.25 ± 0.50 | 0.61 ± 0.32 | 0.71 ± 0.34 | 0.41 ± 0.22 | - |
CO | 5.50 ± 1.73 | 0.61 ± 0.04 | 1.02 ± 0.15 | 0.53 ± 0.04 | - |
CM | 5.00 ± 1.41 | 0.56 ± 0.15 | 0.90 ± 0.33 | 0.45 ± 0.18 | - |
N | 6.25 ± 1.50 | 0.70 ± 0.14 | 1.25 ± 0.13 | 0.63 ± 0.08 | S. sibiricus (p < 0.03) |
Season | 4.95 ± 1.67 | 0.62 ± 0.17 | 0.95 ± 0.31 | 0.50 ± 0.16 | - |
3.9. The Ectomycorrhiza Inoculum Potential
3.10. Effect of Soil Temperature Manipulation
3.11. Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization
Plot | CM | N |
---|---|---|
May | ||
C tot 1 | 16.1 ± 3.3 a | 14.8 ± 1.1 a |
N tot 2 | 0.82 ± 0.13 a | 0.85 ± 0.06 a |
C:N | 19.6 ± 1.4 a | 17.4 ± 1.2 b |
SOM | 29.5 ± 4.5 a | 26.9 ± 2.2 a |
October | ||
C tot 1 | 13.4 ± 2.7 a | 10.5 ± 0.6 b |
N tot 2 | 0.70 ± 0.11 a | 0.64 ± 0.04 a |
C:N | 19.1 ± 2.0 a | 16.3 ± 0.6 b |
SOM 3 | 27.2 ± 4.2 a | 22.1 ±1.9 b |
4. Discussion
4.1. The mycobionts of P. cembra in Haggen
4.2. The Inoculum of Ectomycorrhizae in the Soil
4.3. Suitability and Sustainability of Ectomycorrhiza Partners of P. cembra
4.4. Beneficial Properties of Suillus Host Specialists
4.5. Influence of Soil Temperature Manipulation on P. cembra Ectomycorrhiza
4.6. The Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization on P. cembra Ectomycorrhiza
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Files
Supplementary File 1Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Rainer, G.; Kuhnert, R.; Unterholzer, M.; Dresch, P.; Gruber, A.; Peintner, U. Host-Specialist Dominated Ectomycorrhizal Communities of Pinus cembra are not Affected by Temperature Manipulation. J. Fungi 2015, 1, 55-75. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof1010055
Rainer G, Kuhnert R, Unterholzer M, Dresch P, Gruber A, Peintner U. Host-Specialist Dominated Ectomycorrhizal Communities of Pinus cembra are not Affected by Temperature Manipulation. Journal of Fungi. 2015; 1(1):55-75. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof1010055
Chicago/Turabian StyleRainer, Georg, Regina Kuhnert, Mara Unterholzer, Philipp Dresch, Andreas Gruber, and Ursula Peintner. 2015. "Host-Specialist Dominated Ectomycorrhizal Communities of Pinus cembra are not Affected by Temperature Manipulation" Journal of Fungi 1, no. 1: 55-75. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof1010055