Nanomaterials in Scaffolds for Periodontal Tissue Engineering: Frontiers and Prospects
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Tissue Engineering and Scaffolds
3. Properties of Nanomaterials
3.1. Superior Biocompatibility
3.2. Superior Antibacterial Properties
3.3. Superior Regeneration Ability
4. Nanomaterials Applied in Periodontal Tissue Engineering
4.1. Nanofibers
4.1.1. Nanomaterials Incorporated into Nanofibers
4.1.2. Advanced Techniques Fabricated Nanofibers
4.2. Antibacterial Nanomaterials
4.3. Nanomaterials for Regeneration
4.4. Nanomaterials for Drug Delivery Systems and Other Potential Applications
4.4.1. Nanomaterials for Drug Delivery Systems
4.4.2. Nanomaterials for Other Potential Applications
5. Synthesis Methods of Nanomaterials
6. Potential Toxicity of Nanomaterials
7. Conclusions & Future Perspective
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Merits | Limitations | Potential Applications | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Natural polymers | ||||
Chitosan (CS) | biodegradable, biocompatible, nontoxic, biologically renewable, bacteriostatic | little solubility in organic solvents and neutral aqueous solutions | Chitosan-based scaffold promoted human gingival fibroblasts and osteoblasts metabolism and mineralization. Chitosan NPs promoted the osteogenic differentiation of 1 BMSCs. | [37,38] |
Bacterial cellulose (BC) | biocompatibility, low cost, ease of processing, ideal mechanical properties like high tensile strength | handicap in quality control related to contaminations | The non-resorbable BC membrane helped the closure of the class II furcation lesions in humans. The commercial BC membrane led to sufficient 2 GTR outcomes in human periodontal defects. | [39,40] |
Structure protein | great biological properties like biocompatibility, resorbability, enhancing cell adhesion | immunoreactivity associated with its bovine source and allogeneic species | 3 TSF enhanced the mesenchymal stem cell differentiation toward osteoblasts. Core-shell nanofibers utilizing zein prolonged metronidazole release. | [41,42] |
Gelatin (GEL) | ideal biocompatibility, low immunogenicity | dissolubility in organic solution | GEL possessed bio-signal groups to enhance the proliferation of 4 hPDLSCs. The incorporation of GEL into nanofibrous membranes increased the osteogenic capability of preosteoblasts. | [43,44] |
Alginates | biocompatible, hydrophilic, non-immunogenic, cost-effective | poor cell adhesion, low mechanical strength, low degradability | Alginates particles in hybrid scaffolds provided an early release of IGF-1 and BMP-6. 5 RGD-modified alginate scaffold enhanced MSC viability and osteogenic differentiation. | [45,46] |
Synthetic Polymers | ||||
Polylactic acid(PLA) | high mechanical strength | hydrophobicity, cause inflammation | The nHA/Collagen/PLA scaffolds promoted 6 hAMSCs seeding, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation. Pure PLA nanofibers scaffolds facilitated BMSCs proliferation. | [37,47] |
Poly (lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) | biocompatible, biodegradable | weak hydrophilicity, cell adhesion, acidic degradation products | The PLGA particles in hybrid scaffolds provided a lasting release of IGF-1 and BMP-6. The 7 DMOG/nSi-PLGA fibrous compounds enhanced and orchestrated osteogenesis-angiogenesis. | [35,45] |
Poly-caprolactone (PCL) | enhanced mechanical properties, proper degradation kinetics with morphological characteristics | poor hydrophilicity, cause inflammation | The hybrid PCL scaffolds promoted PDLC differentiation and periostin expression. The electrospun PCL membranes presented a controlled release profile of the active compounds induced fibroblast formation. | [48,49] |
Bioceramics | ||||
Hydroxyapatite (HA) | Bioactive, biocompatible, excellent mechanical properties | poor degradation rates, drug release properties | HA-based coil scaffolds promoted angiogenesis and osteogenesis in rat and rabbit critical-sized bone defection. The magnesium-doped and the bromelain-functionalized HA-based scaffold regenerated periodontal tissue in vivo in a Wistar rat model. | [34,50] |
Bioactive glass (BG) | facilitate growth factor production, gene expression, the proliferation of osteoblasts, and reconstruction of bone tissue | commercial BGs only show bone formation, without cementum or PDL | The nBG in the PCL composite scaffold enhanced the adhesion, and proliferation of hPDLCs. The fish collagen/bioactive glass/chitosan nano-composite scaffold promoted the formation of new bone and light inflammation occurred in the beagle dog’s periodontal defect model. | [51,52] |
Materials | Potential Applications | References | |
---|---|---|---|
Ag | chitosan-AgNPs | inhibited the growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum related to dose | [60] |
AgNPs synthesized with an appropriated capping agent | promoted gram-negative bacterial inhibition | [58] | |
AgNPs | possessed an anti-inflammatory effect by modulating inflammatory cytokines and regenerating growth factors | [61] | |
the 1 PP-pDA-COL-Ag scaffold | promoted alveolar bone regeneration and accelerated periodontitis treatment in a mouse periodontitis model | [62] | |
ZnO | chitin hydrogel-ZnO | exhibited osteogenesis promotion both in vitro and rat periodontal defect model in vivo | [63] |
PCL/GEL-ZnO | decreased the number of planktonic and the formation of the Staphylococcus aureus biofilm | [64] | |
MgO | HA/2 PLLA-nMgO | enhanced osteoblast adhesion and proliferation | [65] |
3 PLA/gelatin-nMgO | guided periodontal tissue regeneration in rat periodontal defect models | [66] | |
TiO2 | 4 P(VDF-TrFE)- TiO2 nanowires | increased fibroblasts and osteoblasts adhesion and proliferation | [67] |
Materials | Potential Applications | References | |
---|---|---|---|
graphene-based nanomaterials | 1 PHB/1%CNTs scaffolds | enhanced attachment and proliferation of the 2 PDLSCs | [69] |
3 GO scaffolds | promoted cellular ingrowth behavior and the formation of dog bone defect | [70] | |
4 PGO/HA-AG scaffolds | induced alveolar bone regeneration in bone defects of diabetic rat periodontitis models | [71] | |
5 PCL -GO composites | promoted the proliferation of 6 hPDLSCs moderately, favored the differentiation of osteogenic | [72] | |
Metallic NPs | 7 poly(LLA-co-CL)/nDPs scaffolds | enhanced seeding efficiency of 8 BMSCs | [33] |
Human β-defensin 3 9 AuNPs | promoted the osteogenic differentiation of 10 hPDLCs in inflammatory microenvironments | [73] | |
L/D-cysteine anchored AuNPs | facilitated osteogenic differentiation into hPDLCs and regenerating alveolar bones and periodontal ligaments in rat periodontal-defect models | [74] | |
PCL or PCL/gelatin-nCaO matrices | increased the viability and osteogenic differentiation of osteoprecursor cell | [75] |
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Chen, S.; Huang, X. Nanomaterials in Scaffolds for Periodontal Tissue Engineering: Frontiers and Prospects. Bioengineering 2022, 9, 431. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9090431
Chen S, Huang X. Nanomaterials in Scaffolds for Periodontal Tissue Engineering: Frontiers and Prospects. Bioengineering. 2022; 9(9):431. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9090431
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Siyang, and Xin Huang. 2022. "Nanomaterials in Scaffolds for Periodontal Tissue Engineering: Frontiers and Prospects" Bioengineering 9, no. 9: 431. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9090431