A Protective Factor for Emotional and Behavioral Problems in Children: The Parental Humor
Abstract
:1. Introduction
The Present Study: Humor Parental and Emotional and Behavioral Problems
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Instruments
2.2.1. Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, SDQ
2.2.2. Scale to Evaluate the Parenting Style of Mothers and Fathers of Adolescents, Children’s Version (EEE-H)
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic and Educational Characteristics of the Participants
3.2. Role of Gender and Age within the Variables Studied: Multi-Factor Analysis
3.3. Parental Humor and Emotional and Behavioral Problems: Binomial Logistic Regression Analysis and Odds Ratio (OR)
3.4. Interpretation of Associations Observed and Role of Gender and Age: Classification Tree
4. Discussion
Limitations and Future Research
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Gender | Age ≤ 12 | Age ≥ 13 | Total | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | ||
Internalizing Problems | Girls | 8.02 | 2.94 | 6.77 | 2.83 | 7.23 | 2.93 |
Boys | 7.66 | 3.08 | 7.35 | 2.63 | 7.50 | 2.85 | |
Total | 7.83 | 3.02 | 7.01 | 2.76 | 7.35 | 2.89 | |
Externalizing Problems | Girls | 8.07 | 2.66 | 7.98 | 2.21 | 8.02 | 2.39 |
Boys | 9.40 | 3.19 | 8.69 | 2.71 | 9.03 | 2.96 | |
Total | 8.78 | 3.03 | 8.27 | 2.45 | 8.49 | 2.71 | |
Parental humor | Girls | 30.26 | 6.11 | 32.95 | 3.55 | 31.98 | 4.80 |
Boys | 29.56 | 6.02 | 31.28 | 4.81 | 30.47 | 5.47 | |
Total | 29.89 | 6.06 | 32.14 | 4.20 | 31.28 | 5.17 |
Internalizing Problems 1 (Emotional Problems) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | SE | Wald | Sig. | OR | IC 95% | ||
Low Parental Humor 2 | 1.570 | 0.322 | 23.732 | 0.000 | 4.807 | 2.556 | 9.041 |
Average Parental Humor 2 | 0.877 | 0.288 | 9.257 | 0.002 | 2.405 | 1.366 | 4.232 |
Boys 3 | 0.073 | 0.185 | 0.156 | 0.693 | 1.076 | 0.749 | 1.545 |
≤12 years old 4 | 0.320 | 0.188 | 2.904 | 0.088 | 1.377 | 0.953 | 1.989 |
Externalizing Problems 1 (Behavioral Problems) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | ST | Wald | Sig. | OR | IC 95% | ||
Low Parental Humor 2 | 0.118 | 0.282 | 0.175 | 0.675 | 1.125 | 0.647 | 1.956 |
Average Parental Humor 2 | 0.003 | 0.228 | 0.000 | 0.998 | 1.003 | 0.641 | 1.570 |
Boys 3 | 0.861 | 0.182 | 22.354 | 0.000 | 2.365 | 1.655 | 3.379 |
≤12 years old 4 | 0.419 | 0.182 | 5.283 | 0.022 | 1.521 | 1.064 | 2.174 |
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León-del-Barco, B.; Mendo-Lázaro, S.; Polo-del-Río, M.-I.; Fajardo-Bullón, F.; López-Ramos, V.-M. A Protective Factor for Emotional and Behavioral Problems in Children: The Parental Humor. Children 2022, 9, 404. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9030404
León-del-Barco B, Mendo-Lázaro S, Polo-del-Río M-I, Fajardo-Bullón F, López-Ramos V-M. A Protective Factor for Emotional and Behavioral Problems in Children: The Parental Humor. Children. 2022; 9(3):404. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9030404
Chicago/Turabian StyleLeón-del-Barco, Benito, Santiago Mendo-Lázaro, María-Isabel Polo-del-Río, Fernando Fajardo-Bullón, and Víctor-María López-Ramos. 2022. "A Protective Factor for Emotional and Behavioral Problems in Children: The Parental Humor" Children 9, no. 3: 404. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9030404