Mental Health in Cypriot Citizens of the Rural Health Centre Kofinou
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methodology
Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics
3.2. HADS Scale
3.3. HADS Multivariate Analysis
3.4. GDS Scale
Reference to Depression Symptoms
3.5. GDS Multivariate Analysis
4. Discussion
- (a)
- Appropriate comprehension of the questionnaires by the participants, especially in cases where the patients were uneducated, could not be guaranteed. Senior citizens required guidance throughout the process, either because of a low educational level or because of a physical disability.
- (b)
- This is a cross section of data and thus we cannot interpret any of our findings as causal or generalize for the whole population. It is vital to obtain information from the general population, as this study is limited to people who sought medical help.
5. Future Recommendations
5.1. Political Authority
5.2. Health Practitioners
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | HADS Scale | GDS Scale | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | ||
Gender | Woman | 84 | 56.0% | 77 | 51.3% |
Man | 66 | 44.0% | 73 | 48.7% | |
Age | 47 ± 11.5 years/MIN = 23, MAX = 64 | 72.9 ± 5.5 years/MIN = 66, MAX = 90 | |||
Education level | None | 0 | 0.0% | 11 | 7.3% |
Primary School | 32 | 21.3% | 99 | 66.0% | |
Secondary | 12 | 8.0% | 17 | 11.3% | |
Lyceum | 63 | 42.0% | 19 | 12.7% | |
Higher Education | 35 | 23.3% | 4 | 2.7% | |
Master/PhD | 8 | 5.3% | 0 | 0.0% | |
Annual income | Unemployed | 15 | 10.0% | 0 | 0.0% |
Until 8000 | 46 | 30.7% | 100 | 66.7% | |
8001–12,000 | 21 | 14.0% | 30 | 20.0% | |
12,001–18,000 | 25 | 16.7% | 13 | 8.7% | |
18,001–30,000 | 26 | 17.3% | 6 | 4.0% | |
30,001 and over | 17 | 11.3% | 1 | 0.7% | |
Reduction of the annual income due to economic crisis in the last year | 116 | 77.3% | 93 | 62.0% | |
Presence of chronic disease | 70 | 46.7% | 139 | 92.7% | |
Blood hypertension | 42 | 60.0% | 100 | 66.7% | |
Diabetes | 22 | 31.4% | 58 | 38.7% | |
Lipid disorder | 28 | 40.0% | 73 | 48.7% | |
Autoimmune disease | 0 | 0.0% | 1 | 0.7% | |
Heart disease | 7 | 10.0% | 32 | 21.3% | |
Other | 12 | 8.0% | 4 | 2.7% | |
Do you believe you have symptoms of depression after the economic recession? | - | - | 53 | 35.3% |
Variables | Anxiety Level | Depression Level | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | |
Normal Level | 65 | 43.3% | 75 | 50.0% |
Mild Level | 30 | 20.0% | 32 | 21.3% |
Moderate Level | 35 | 23.3% | 31 | 20.7% |
Severe Level | 20 | 13.3% | 12 | 8.0% |
Total | 150 | 100% | 150 | 100.0% |
Dependent Variable | HADS-Total Score (Emotional Distress) | HADS-Anxiety | HADS-Depression | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predictors | b * | p | b * | p | b * | p |
(Constant) | 25.6 | <0.001 | 14.098 | <0.001 | 11.502 | <0.001 |
Age | −0.059 | 0.445 | −0.039 | 0.355 | −0.019 | 0.621 |
Gender (women) | −2.058 | 0.138 | −1.296 | 0.094 | −0.762 | 0.274 |
Chronic disease | 5.449 | <0.001 | 2.817 | 0.001 | 2.632 | 0.001 |
Annual Income | −1.066 | 0.017 | −0.642 | 0.01 | −0.425 | 0.058 |
Education Level | −2.633 | <0.001 | −1.196 | 0.003 | −1.436 | <0.001 |
Reduction in earnings (>35%) | 2.917 | 0.063 | 1.177 | 0.178 | 1.741 | 0.028 |
Model fit indices | ||||||
F (p value) | 11.309 (<0.001) | 8.986 (<0.001) | 11.696 (<0.001) | |||
Adjusted R2 | 0.293 | 0.243 | 0.301 |
Variables | b | SE | Standardised b | t | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Constant) | −5.338 | 4.505 | −1.185 | 0.238 | |
Gender (female) | −1.958 | 0.687 | −0.248 | −2.849 | 0.005 |
Age | 0.161 | 0.058 | 0.223 | 2.778 | 0.006 |
Annual income: | −0.703 | 0.39 | −0.153 | −1.801 | 0.074 |
Chromic disease | 1.279 | 1.149 | 0.084 | 1.113 | 0.267 |
Reduction in earnings (>20%) | 0.739 | 0.665 | 0.086 | 1.112 | 0.268 |
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Stavrou, G.; Paikousis, L.; Jelastopulu, E.; Charalambous, G. Mental Health in Cypriot Citizens of the Rural Health Centre Kofinou. Healthcare 2016, 4, 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare4040081
Stavrou G, Paikousis L, Jelastopulu E, Charalambous G. Mental Health in Cypriot Citizens of the Rural Health Centre Kofinou. Healthcare. 2016; 4(4):81. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare4040081
Chicago/Turabian StyleStavrou, Georgios, Lefkios Paikousis, Eleni Jelastopulu, and Georgios Charalambous. 2016. "Mental Health in Cypriot Citizens of the Rural Health Centre Kofinou" Healthcare 4, no. 4: 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare4040081