The Promises and Challenges of Ecological Momentary Assessment in Schizophrenia: Development of an Initial Experimental Protocol
Abstract
:1. Introduction and Background
1.1. Treatment Nonadherence Is a Major Public Health Problem in Schizophrenia
1.2. Our Knowledge of Adherence Predictors and Interventions Is Limited
1.3. Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) Can Improve Our Understanding of Nonadherence
1.4. Rationale and Hypotheses for Current Project
2. EMA Study Procedures
2.1. Sample Selection
2.2. Feasibility of EMA
2.3. Choice of EMA Variables
Schedule | Dynamic Variables | Sample Items |
---|---|---|
Random Assessment | Context | Where are you right now? [42] |
Substance Use | Have you used any of the following substances? | |
Affect | Rate the following words based on how you feel right now [60]. | |
Psychotic Symptoms | Was someone spying on you or plotting against you? [42] | |
Psychological Coping | How did you deal with any difficulties you were having? [61] | |
Psychological Acceptance | I simply noticed my feelings and continued with what I was doing [62]. | |
Stressors | Has something stressful or bad happened in your life? [63] | |
Social Support | I am getting the emotional help and support I need from my family or friends [64]. | |
End of Day Assessment | Behavioral Adherence | Did you attend any treatment appointments today? |
Medication Adherence | I’ve taken my psychiatric medications as prescribed today. | |
Therapeutic Alliance | Do you and your treatment provider understand each other? [65] | |
Reasons for Nonadherence | My medications make me feel strange or “doped up.” [66,67,68,69] | |
Medication Side Effects | How bothered were you by these side effects? [70] |
2.4. EMA Procedures
2.5. Traditional (Non-EMA) Assessments
Measure | Topic | Format | Time Point |
---|---|---|---|
Treatment History Interview-4 (THI-4) [81] | Treatment Utilization/ Behavioral Adherence | Interview | BL, 1, 2, 4 |
Medication Event Monitoring System (MEMS) [77] | Medication Adherence | Electronic | BL, 1, 2, 4 |
Pill Counts [82] | Medication Adherence | Behavioral | BL, 1, 2, 4 |
Brief Adherence Rating Scale (BARS) [78] | Medication Adherence | Interview | BL, 1, 2, 4 |
Ratings of Medication Influences Scale (ROMI) [69] | Reasons for Nonadherence | Interview | BL, 1, 2, 4 |
Drug Attitude Inventory-10 (DAI-10) [68] | Medication Attitudes | Self-Report | BL, 1, 2, 4 |
Antipsychotic Side Effect Checklist (ASC) [83] | Medication Side Effects | Interview | BL, 1, 2, 4 |
Working Alliance Inventory-Short Version (WAI-S) [65] | Doctor-Patient Therapeutic Alliance | Self-Report | BL, 1, 2, 4 |
Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) [84] | Psychiatric Symptoms | Interview | BL, 1, 2, 4 |
Positive and Negative Affect Schedule-Expanded (State) (PANAS) [60] | Mood State | Self-Report | BL, 1, 2, 4 |
Consumer Experiences of Stigma Questionnaire (CESQ) [67] | Stigma/Discrimination | Self-Report | BL, 1, 2, 4 |
Life Events Assessment (LEA) [63] | Stressful Life Events | Interview | BL, 1, 2, 4 |
Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) [64] | Perceived Social Support | Self-Report | BL, 1, 2, 4 |
Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) [85] | Psychological Coping | Self-Report | BL, 1, 2, 4 |
Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ) [86] | Psychological Flexibility/ Experiential Avoidance | Self-Report | BL, 1, 2, 4 |
World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0–12 Item Version (WHODAS 2.0) [87] | Psychosocial Functioning | Self-Report | BL, 1, 2, 4 |
Addiction Severity Index (ASI) [88] | Illicit Drug Use | Interview | BL, 1, 2, 4 |
Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption (AUDIT-C) [89] | Hazardous Drinking | Self-Report | BL, 1, 2, 4 |
2.6. EMA Data Analysis Strategy
2.7. Future Ecological Momentary Intervention Development
3. Lessons Learned Thus Far
3.1. Choice of Mobile Devices and Programming
3.2. Recruitment Strategies
3.3. Retention Strategies
3.4. Technical Troubleshooting with Patients
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gaudiano, B.A.; Moitra, E.; Ellenberg, S.; Armey, M.F. The Promises and Challenges of Ecological Momentary Assessment in Schizophrenia: Development of an Initial Experimental Protocol. Healthcare 2015, 3, 556-573. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare3030556
Gaudiano BA, Moitra E, Ellenberg S, Armey MF. The Promises and Challenges of Ecological Momentary Assessment in Schizophrenia: Development of an Initial Experimental Protocol. Healthcare. 2015; 3(3):556-573. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare3030556
Chicago/Turabian StyleGaudiano, Brandon A., Ethan Moitra, Stacy Ellenberg, and Michael F. Armey. 2015. "The Promises and Challenges of Ecological Momentary Assessment in Schizophrenia: Development of an Initial Experimental Protocol" Healthcare 3, no. 3: 556-573. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare3030556