Reviews of Geospatial Information Technology and Collaborative Data Delivery for Disaster Risk Management
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data Delivery Schemes for Disaster Risk Management
2.1. Temporal Considerations
- Mitigation—Long-term activities that actually eliminate or reduce disaster risks.
- Preparedness—Necessary actions for developing emergency response plans such that governments, organizations, and individuals can reduce disaster damage.
- Response—Post-disaster actions to provide emergency assistance and reduce secondary damages.
- Recovery—Activities that follow Response and continue until all systems return to normal (or better), including short-term activities for recovering vital life-support systems and long-term activities conducted for several years after a disaster.
2.2. Reference Model
3. Geospatial Information Technology for Disaster Risk Management
3.1. Analysis Scheme of the Reviews
3.2. Earth Observation
3.3. Ground-Based Observation Networks
3.4. Crowdsourcing
3.5. People Mobility
3.6. WebGIS
3.7. Mobile Phones
4. Practices of Collaborative Data Delivery for Disaster Risk Management
Organization/Initiative | Technology | Phases of Disaster Risk Management | Data Delivery | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Risk Assessment | Mitigation/Preparedness | Response/Recovery | |||
Sentinel Asia | Earth observation | Development of hazard map from EO data. | ▪ Development of early warning system. ▪ Capacity building of local communities. ▪ Capacity building on the Sentinel Asia System. | ▪ Providing EO data from the Data Provider Node. ▪ Provided EO data are analyzed using the Data Analysis Node members for value-added products. | ▪ Raw EO data for authorized users. ▪ PDF, PNG, or JPEG maps are available on the website. ▪ Public WebGIS for browsing EO data and maps. |
International Charter | Earth observation | Providing EO data from member space agencies. | ▪ Raw EO data for authorized users. ▪ PDF, PNG, or JPEG maps are available on the website. ▪ Public WebGIS to browsing EO data. | ||
UNITAR/UNOSAT | Earth observation | Capacity building with lectures and exercises of concepts and GIS methodologies for performing satellite based analysis for emergency response. | ▪ Support to UN and other activities for disaster response. ▪ Support to post-disaster needs assessment. | GIS vector format (ESRI Shapefile and File GeoDatabase) and PDF map are publicly available on the website. | |
Crowd sourcing | Pilots on visual interpretation of satellite images for damage assessment [133]. | ||||
▪ Collecting geo-tagged photos by smart phones [134]. ▪ Organizing situational information by photo tagging. | |||||
Copernicus EMS | Earth observation | On-demand production of satellite-based maps and GIS data. The data and maps are delivered to end users within nine hours to five days for emergency use and 20 days for non-emergency use. | GIS vector format (ESRI Shapefile and Google Earth KMZ), PDF, and JPEG maps are available on the website. | ||
Ground-based observation | Early warning (only for Europe). | Archived information is browsable on the website. | |||
USGS Emergency Response | Earth observation | ▪ Acquisition of EO data. ▪ Managing EO data acquisition requests. | ▪ Raw EO data for public or for authorized users. ▪ WebGIS for browsing EO data. ▪ Web-based protocol (WMS and REST). | ||
Humanitarian OpenStreet Map | Crowd sourcing | Development of mapping communities for preparing baseline data and DRM planning. | ▪ Activation of volunteers ▪ Collection and management of data sources. ▪ Task management. ▪ Mapping damaged buildings and infrastructures for damage assessment. | GIS vector data and rendered map images are publicly available from OSM and third parties on the Internet. | |
SERVIR | Earth observation | Development of applications and tools using EO data for decision making. | Imagery taken from the International Space Station (ISS). | ▪ The applications are searchable on the website. ▪ ISS imagery is available to the public. | |
Famine Early Warnings Network | Earth observation | Monitoring and forecasting food security status. | Early warning with the Integrated Food Security Phase Classification. | Data in GeoTiff and maps in PDF and PNG are available from the data portal website. | |
Ground-based observation | |||||
Pacific Disaster Center | Earth observation | ▪ Exercises and capacity building with the DisasterAWARE platform, which integrates various DRM information. ▪ Support in risk assessment. ▪ Data modeling and visualization. | Support in providing near real-time data from DRM authorities and sharing situational reports by the EMOPS platform. | WebGIS embedded in the DisasterAWARE platform. | |
Ground-based observation | |||||
GEO GSNL | Earth observation | Monitoring seismic activities. | Initiating event supersites of areas affected by large-scale hazards. | Data are available at the website or by contacting data authors. | |
Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System | Earth observation | ▪ Providing early alerts of major disasters. ▪ Operation of the Global Flood Detection System. | Impact estimation and assessment after major disasters. | ▪ Disaster alerts on maps at the website. ▪ Disaster event feeds in RSS, KML, and CAP ▪ Compilation of geospatial data by event. | |
Ground-based observation | |||||
Crowd sourcing | Field information collection by social media. |
4.1. Sentinel Asia
4.2. International Charter on Space and Major Disasters
4.3. UNITAR Operational Satellite Applications Programme (UNOSAT)
4.4. Copernicus Emergency Management Service
4.5. USGS Emergency Response
4.6. Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team (HOT)
4.7. SERVIR
4.8. Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET)
4.9. Pacific Disaster Center (PDC)
4.10. GEO Geohazards Supersites and Natural Laboratories (GSNL)
4.11. Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System (GDACS)
5. Discussion and Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Miyazaki, H.; Nagai, M.; Shibasaki, R. Reviews of Geospatial Information Technology and Collaborative Data Delivery for Disaster Risk Management. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2015, 4, 1936-1964. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi4041936
Miyazaki H, Nagai M, Shibasaki R. Reviews of Geospatial Information Technology and Collaborative Data Delivery for Disaster Risk Management. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 2015; 4(4):1936-1964. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi4041936
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiyazaki, Hiroyuki, Masahiko Nagai, and Ryosuke Shibasaki. 2015. "Reviews of Geospatial Information Technology and Collaborative Data Delivery for Disaster Risk Management" ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 4, no. 4: 1936-1964. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi4041936