Next Article in Journal
Understanding the Effects of Trenbolone Acetate, Polyamine Precursors, and Polyamines on Proliferation, Protein Synthesis Rates, and the Abundance of Genes Involved in Myoblast Growth, Polyamine Biosynthesis, and Protein Synthesis in Murine Myoblasts
Next Article in Special Issue
Genetic Markers Associated with Milk Production and Thermotolerance in Holstein Dairy Cows Managed in a Heat-Stressed Environment
Previous Article in Journal
CiXTH29 and CiLEA4 Role in Water Stress Tolerance in Cichorium intybus Varieties
Previous Article in Special Issue
Epigenetic Regulation of miR-25 and Lnc107153 on Expression of Seasonal Estrus Key Gene CHGA in Sheep
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Biology
Volume 12
Issue 3
10.3390/biology12030445
biology-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Hair Follicle Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Differentially Expressed Genes That Regulate Wool Fiber Diameter in Angora Rabbits

by
Dongwei Huang
†,
Haisheng Ding
†,
Yuanlang Wang
,
Guanglong Cheng
,
Xiaofei Wang
,
Taishan Leng
and
Huiling Zhao
*
Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Biology 2023, 12(3), 445; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12030445
Submission received: 30 January 2023 / Revised: 27 February 2023 / Accepted: 28 February 2023 / Published: 14 March 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances and Insights in Animal Genetics and Breeding)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:

Simple Summary

Wool fiber diameter (WFD) is one of the most important economic traits of wool, especially in Angora rabbits. Emerging studies have been conducted on sheep and goats. However, few studies of WFD have been reported in rabbits. In our study, the diameter of coarse and fine wool and their respective hair follicles in Wan strain Angora rabbits were analyzed, and it was found that the diameter of coarse wool and hair follicles was larger than that of fine wool and hair follicles. High-throughput sequencing analysis was performed using hair follicles from coarse and fine wool. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including transcription factors, keratin-associated protein (KAP) and keratin (KRT) families, and extracellular matrix (ECM)-related genes, were screened. Enrichment analysis showed that skin development, epidermal cell and keratinocyte differentiation, epithelium development, and Notch and ribosome signaling pathways were important in regulating hair structure. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and protein–protein interaction (PPI) analysis further identified six important signaling pathways and functional DEGs, including LEF1, FZD3, SMAD3, ITGB6, and BMP4. The results provide valuable data for screening molecular markers involved in hair structure and facilitating enhanced selection of super-fine wool rabbits through gene-assisted selection.

Abstract

Wool fiber diameter (WFD) is an important index of wool traits and the main determinant of wool quality and value. However, the genetic determinants of fiber diameter have not yet been fully elucidated. Here, coarse and fine wool of Wan strain Angora rabbits and their hair follicle traits were characterized. The results indicated significant differences in the diameters of wool fibers and their hair follicles. The RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) technique was used to identify differences in gene expression in hair follicles between coarse and fine wool. In total, 2574 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found between the two hair follicle groups. Transcription factors, keratin-associated protein (KAP) and keratin (KRT) families, and ECM-related genes may control the structure of fine fibers in rabbits. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses revealed that skin development, epidermal cell and keratinocyte differentiation, epithelium development, and Notch and ribosome signaling pathways were significantly enriched, respectively. GSEA further filtered six important pathways and related core genes. PPI analysis also mined functional DEGs associated with hair structure, including LEF1, FZD3, SMAD3, ITGB6, and BMP4. Our findings provide valuable information for researching the molecular mechanisms regulating wool fiber and could facilitate enhanced selection of super-fine wool rabbits through gene-assisted selection in the future.

1. Introduction

Rabbits are small domestic animals that provide not only meat and fur but also wool, which is a raw material [1] that is extremely important for the textile industry [2]. Wool quality traits such as length, coarse wool rate, and fiber diameter are important goals in rabbit breeding programs. Wool fiber diameter (WFD) determines 75% of the value of wool fibers [3]. The WFD variation-induced profit accounts for 61% of the total profit of wool [4]. WFD is an important economic indicator of Angora rabbits and it determines processing performance, end-use of wool, and wool quality and value [2,5]. Since the 1980s, the coarse wool of Angora rabbits was the favorite of the international Angora rabbit market. During the past two decades, the demand for the fine wool of rabbits has been gradually increasing owing to improvements in wool spinning technology and the development of rabbit wool fabric.
Wool fibers are formed by keratinocytes which derive from progenitor populations at the base of the hair follicle [6]. Rabbit wool is divided into coarse and fine fibers according to the fiber diameter. Rabbit skin has two different types of hair follicles: the primary hair follicle (PHF) producing coarse hair, and the secondary hair follicle (SHF) producing fine hair [7,8,9]. The follicle diameter of PHFs is much larger than that of SHFs in Cashmere goats [10]. Most studies of WFD have focused on sheep and goats [3,11,12,13,14]. However, studies on the mechanisms underlying WFD in rabbits are limited.
Hair follicles form the basis for hair growth. At least 20 different cells and tissues, including the dermal papilla, inner root sheath, outer root sheath, and hair matrix, are involved in the process of cell differentiation and hair follicle development [15]. Dermal papillary cells at the base of the hair follicle are a population of mesenchymal cells, that provide signals to specify the size and shape of the wool [16,17]. It has been reported that WFD is strongly related to the size of the dermal papilla cells and matrix in mammals [3,6,18,19,20], and is largely determined in the course of hair follicle growth and morphogenesis [21]. In addition, many genes, including distal-less homeobox 3 (Dlx3), lymphatic enhancer factor 1 (Lef1), epidermal growth factor (EGF), fibroblast growth factor 5 (FGF5), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I), and Wnt, are involved in regulating hair follicle development [22,23,24,25,26].
Gene expression profile analysis plays a vital role in the discovery and prediction of gene function. Gene expression profile analysis showed functional genes related to fur color determination using Solexa sequencing in rabbits [27]. Differentially expressed genes regulating fur development were obtained by RNA-Seq analysis in rex rabbits [28]. However, limited data are available on the expression information of specific genes in hair follicle tissues that reflect the wool fiber diameter in Angora rabbits. The present study used the RNA-Seq-based approach to identify the DEG-regulated wool fiber diameter in Angora rabbits in an attempt to identify novel functional genes related to wool fineness.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Animals

The rabbits used in the experiments were obtained from the Animal Husbandry Institute of the Anhui Academy of Agriculture Sciences and raised in the same conditions, fed to appetite, and drinking water was supplied by an automatic water feeder.

2.2. Fiber Samples and Diameter Measurement

Fiber samples were obtained from three healthy, one-year-old Wan strain Angora rabbits. The wool fibers were collected from the back of the body by the roots and pulled out. Then, the hair follicles of fibers were cut off and placed in a 2.0 mL freezing tube and immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen. Fiber samples were used for diameter measurements. The wool fiber diameter was measured using W1Vnt software according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

2.3. Skin Sample Collection and Histological Examination

For sample collection, anesthesia through an ear vein injection of 0.7% pentobarbital sodium (6 mL/kg) was first administered. Then, skin tissue samples were collected from the backs of rabbits. Histological analysis was performed as previously described [29,30].

2.4. cDNA Library Construction and Sequencing

Total RNA was extracted from hair follicle samples using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA), following the manufacturer’s instructions. Then, the NanoPhotometer spectrophotometer (Implen, Westlake Village, CA, USA) and Agilent 2100 bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) were used to determine the RNA purity, concentration, and integrity. The high-quality RNA for cDNA library construction was obtained after RNA sample quality control. Then, six libraries for hair follicles of coarse and fine wool were constructed using the NEBNext® Ultra™ RNA Library Prep Kit for Illumina® (NEB, Ipswich, MA, USA), quantified with a Qubit2.0 fluorometer. Library insert size was determined using an Agilent 2100 bioanalyzer, and sequenced using the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform (Illumina, USA).

2.5. Transcriptome Mapping and Differential Gene Expression Analysis

The low-quality reads, adaptor sequences, and N reads were removed from raw sequencing reads using fastp (version 0.19.7). The cleaned, high-quality reads from hair follicles of coarse and fine wool were aligned against the Oryctolagus cuniculus genome using HISAT2 [31]. Unique-mapped reads were used for further analysis. Transcripts were assembled using stringtie (version 1.3.3b), and gene expression was quantified using featureCounts (version 1.5.0-p3) [32]. The value of the kilobase of transcript per million fragments mapped (FPKM) was used to estimate the gene expression levels in hair follicle samples [33]. DESeq2 was used to perform differential expression analysis [34]. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were filtered using the standards log2|fold change| ≥1 and padj ≤ 0.05. GO terms (http://geneontology.org, accessed on 2 August 2022) [35] and KEGG pathway (http://www.genome.jp/kegg/, accessed on 2 August 2022) [36] were also annotated.

2.6. GSEA

All genes in hair follicles of coarse and fine wool were applied using GSEA with GSEA software (http://www.broadinstitute.org/gsea/index.jsp, accessed on 8 November 2022). Enrichment scores of gene sets were calculated using full ranking, then the distribution of gene sets was obtained in the list. A NOM p-value < 0.05 and |NES| > 1 were considered to indicate significant enrichment.

2.7. Establishment of PPI Network

The PPI network was constructed using the STRING (version 11.0) [37] online database. PPIs with a confidence score < 0.7 and disconnected nodes were discarded. The network was visualized and analyzed using Cytoscape software (version 3.8.2) (http://www.cytoscape.org/, accessed on 16 December 2022).

2.8. Validation of RNA-Seq

Nine candidate genes related to hair structure were selected from DEGs for validation by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The qRT-PCR was performed on an ABI 7500 (Applied Biosystems, Waltham, MA, USA) using TransStart Green qRT-PCR SuperMix (Transgen, Beijing, China). The primer sequences for the qRT-PCR are in Supplementary File Table S1. The amplification conditions were referred to in our previous studies [29]. Quantitative variation and relative fold changes were estimated using the 2−ΔΔCT method [38], and the rabbit glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene was used as an internal control. The qRT-PCR analysis was conducted at least in triplicate.

2.9. Statistical Analyses

The data were presented in terms of the mean ± standard deviation (SD) and were determined using GraphPad Prism 5. Significant differences were estimated using Student’s t-test. p values < 0.05 were considered significant.

3. Results

3.1. Characterization of Coarse and Fine Wool and Hair Follicle Traits of Angora Rabbits

To compare the morphological traits between coarse and fine wool of Angora rabbits, we collected wool samples and recorded fiber diameter (Figure 1A,B). The results revealed that there were significant differences in diameter between the two types of wool (p < 0.01) (Figure 1B). The morphology of the PHF and SHF, which produce coarse and fine wool, respectively, is shown in Figure 1C. The results indicate marked differences in fiber diameter and hair follicle morphology between coarse and fine wool in Angora rabbits.

3.2. Illumina Transcriptome Sequencing of Hair Follicles

To comprehensively understand the transcriptome profiles that could be involved in regulating fiber diameter differences, hair follicle transcriptomes of coarse and fine wool of Angora rabbits were examined. We obtained 45.8–47.4 million raw reads and 43.3–44.4 million high-quality clean reads, and Q30 was ≥93.50% (Supplementary File Table S2). The total number of clean reads mapped to the rabbit genome was greater than 87%, and the map rates of unique reads were ≥74.96% (Supplementary File Table S2). After normalization, a total of 2574 DEGs (|log2FoldChange| ≥ 1 and false discovery rate padj ≤ 0.05) were analyzed between the groups, comprising 1462 genes that were more highly expressed in hair follicles of coarse wool and 1112 genes that were more highly expressed in hair follicles of fine wool (Supplementary File Figure S1). Hierarchical clustering showed that the gene expression patterns in the coarse wool group were different from those in the fine wool group (Figure 2). Transcription factors, including DlX3, LEF1, msh homeobox 2 (MSX2), and forkhead box N1 (FOXN1) were found to be highly expressed in the hair follicles of fine wool from Angora rabbits. A number of genes were identified as DEGs from the KRT and KAP families, including KRT71, KRT72, KRT73, KRT17, KRT25, KRT10, KRT82, KRT35, KRT85, KRT5, KRT32, KRT34, KRT39, KRT77, KRTAP6-1, KRTAP3-1, and KRTAP17-1 (Table 1). Of these, 11 genes were highly expressed in the fine wool group. In addition, ECM-related genes (COL17A1, COL11A1, COL15A1, and COL1A2) were differentially expressed between the two groups. The results suggested that transcription factors, KRT and KAP families, and ECM-related genes were key candidates in determining the structure of fine fibers in rabbits.

3.3. Functional Annotation of DEGs from Hair Follicles of Coarse and Fine Wool

GO and KEGG were used to identify the potential functions of the DEGs. The GO terms and KEGG pathways with padj ≤ 0.05 were considered to be significantly enriched. In addition, 1545 and 1095 DEGs were involved in 3748 biological processes based on GO terms and 316 KEGG pathways, respectively. For GO term analysis, a comparison between hair follicles of coarse and fine wool showed that some biological processes, including skin development (50 DEGs), epidermis development (47 DEGs), regulation of epithelial cell proliferation (48 DEGs), epidermal cell differentiation (30 DEGs), keratinocyte differentiation (23 DEGs), epithelium development (118 DEGs), and developmental induction (11 DEGs) (Figure 3, Supplementary File Table S3), were substantially enriched. In addition, the Notch and ribosome signaling pathways were substantially enriched by DEGs between the hair follicles of coarse and fine wool (Figure 4). This suggests that DEGs in these GO categories and KEGG pathways may play key roles in regulating wool traits.

3.4. GSEA Identifies Hair Structure-Associated Signaling Pathways

We further investigated the differences in gene expression levels in hair follicles between the coarse and fine wool groups and explored the function of the wool fiber diameter-related signal transduction pathway through GSEA. Significantly enriched signaling pathways were obtained based on their normalized enrichment scores and core related genes were identified. The results showed that six signaling pathways were substantially enriched in the fine wool group: ECM receptor interaction (LAMA1, COL4A6, COL1A1, ITGB6, HSPG2, COL4A1, and COL4A2), Wnt signaling (RSPO3, WNT1, GSK3B, WNT9B, FZD7, CUL1, SFRP2, PPARD, and WNT16), basal cell carcinoma (WNT16, GLI2, WNT1, and FZD4), TGF-β signaling (AMHR2, INHBA, LTBP1, and ZFYVE16), Notch signaling (HES1, NCSTN, DVL2, DTX2, and RBPJ), and Hippo signaling (STK3 and TGFBR1) (Figure 5, Table 2, Supplementary File Tables S4–S9). Of the core genes, only ITGB6 was differentially expressed in the coarse and fine wool groups.

3.5. Analysis Results of PPI

To further explore the mechanism of DEGs involved in regulating hair structure and establish the interaction between differential genes, a PPI network based on DEGs was constructed using the STRING database and Cytoscape software for functional association analysis (Figure 6). A total of 219 genes formed a tightly connected network with 490 edges in the coarse and fine hair follicles, of which, the hub node epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) had the most connections owing to its interactions with 30 genes in the network, followed by the vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) and fibronectin 1 (FN1), which had 20 connections. In addition, the DEGs with high degree values (including FN1, ITGB6, COL1A2, ITGA11, LAMB2, ITGA5, ITGA3, and ITGB5) were involved in ECM–receptor interaction; LEF1, FZD3, PLCB2, and SMAD3 were involved in Wnt signaling; LEF1, FZD3, PTCH2, GLI3, PTCH1, SHH, and BMP4 were involved in basal cell carcinoma; FST, BMPR2, SMAD7, ACVR1B, THBS1, BMP4, and SMAD3 were involved in TGF-β signaling; NOTCH2, MAML3, and DTX4 were involved in Notch signaling; and LEF1, DLG2, FZD3, BMPR2, SMAD7, YWHAZ, DLG4, YAP1, BMP4, and SMAD3 were involved in the Hippo signaling pathway. This suggests that the high-degree nodes are potential candidate genes regulating hair diameter.

3.6. Validation of DEGs with qRT-PCR

To evaluate our RNA-Seq results, KRT32, KRT72, KRT73, FABP5, FST, DLX3, LEF1, MSX2, and FOXN1 were selected and their expression patterns in the hair follicles of coarse and fine wool of Angora rabbits were examined using qRT-PCR (Figure 7). FABP5 and FST were upregulated in the hair follicles of the coarse wool groups; KRT32, KRT72, KRT73, DLX3, LEF1, MSX2, and FOXN1 were upregulated in the hair follicles of the fine wool groups. The results showed that the trends in expression of these genes were similar to those of the RNA-Seq, demonstrating our analysis was reliable.

4. Discussion

Wool fiber diameter is commercially important in fiber-producing animals because of its effects on performance during texturing [13]. Rabbit hair is one of the most favored natural fibers used in textile industries, therefore breeding fine wool rabbits is a target of Angora rabbit breeding industries. Secondary hair follicles of fine wool Angora rabbits are the main hair follicles and are key determinants of the mean fiber diameter and rabbit wool characteristics. The heritability of fiber diameter is 0.59, which is relatively high [39]. However, the major genes underlying wool traits in Angora rabbits remain unclear. Therefore, we sought to generate a comprehensive list of the genes involved in regulating the fiber diameter of Angora rabbits.
There are two types of hair follicles: PHFs produce coarse hair in mammals, and SHFs produce fine hair [8,40]. The most obvious morphological difference between PHFs and SHFs is the follicle size. We compared the morphological structure differences between coarse and fine wool and the histological differences in the hair follicles of coarse and fine wool from Wan strain Angora rabbits. The diameter of coarse wool was substantially larger than that of fine wool, which is consistent with the histological results of the hair follicles of the two types of fibers. The histological results showed that the follicle diameter of the PHF was much larger than that of the SHF in rabbits, which was consistent with the result in goats [10].
We also investigated the genetic mechanism concerning the development of coarse and fine fibers by sequencing the transcriptomes of hair follicles and mapping the reads to rabbit genome assembly and annotated genes. The mRNA expression profiles of the hair follicles of coarse and fine wool were compared, and 2574 DEGs were obtained. Important pathways and transcription factors play critical roles in initiating and promoting differentiation of the matrix cells, including bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and Notch signaling and transcription factors such as MSX2 and FOXN1, which are required for hair shaft differentiation [41,42]. FOXN1 is required for proper assembly of the hair medulla, and dysfunction of the FOXN1 gene in mice causes severe developmental defects of the thymus and a hairless phenotype [43,44]. DLX3 plays a crucial role in regulating hair follicle differentiation and regeneration, and it controls inner root sheath and hair shaft differentiation [45]. DLX3 and LEF1 may promote the maturation of SHFs [22]. Four important transcription factors associated with hair follicle development were highly expressed in the hair follicles of the fine wool group, suggesting that they have important roles in determining the structure of fine fibers in Angora rabbits.
KRTs and KAPs determining the quality of the fiber are the main structural proteins of wool fibers [8]. KAPs may be important for altering hair structure and diameter [46]. In total, we detected 14 differentially expressed KRT genes and 3 differentially expressed KAP genes, of which 16 genes were detected with FPKM>1000 in both types of follicles. The KAP proteins have previously been assigned to three groups: high-sulfur, ultrahigh-sulfur, and high-glycine–tyrosine [47]. KRTAP3-1 and KRTAP17-1 were in the high-sulfur and ultrahigh-sulfur group, respectively, and highly expressed in the hair follicles of fine wool. The results suggest that the proteins are important for the formation of fine wool. In addition, nine genes were selected for validation using qRT-PCR, and the results matched the RNA-Seq data, demonstrating the reliability of our sequencing data.
GO functional enrichment analysis showed that a large number of DEGs were involved in regulating skin development, epidermis development, epidermal cell differentiation, regulation of epithelial cell proliferation, keratinocyte differentiation, and epithelium development. The results indicated that DEGs are potential regulators of hair structure and diameter in rabbits. KEGG enrichment analysis is often used for gene function study. Interactions between the Wnt, Notch, Hedgehog, and BMP signaling pathways are involved in regulating normal hair follicle development [48]. In the present study, the Notch and ribosome pathways were substantially enriched with DEGs. Notch signaling is known to regulate cell fate, proliferation, differentiation, and pattern formation during the postnatal development of hair follicles [49,50]. Notch signaling is also necessary for complete maturation of hair follicles and postnatal hair cycle homeostasis [1,51,52]. It has been reported that DEGs between black and white hair follicles in giant pandas are also enriched in the ribosomal pathway [53]. Our results demonstrated that the Notch and ribosome pathways were key pathways of fiber structure. The GO functional enrichment and pathway analysis of DEGs in the current study elucidate the mechanisms of hair follicle development and the difference in fiber structure between coarse and fine wool in rabbits.
We used the GSEA approach [54] to compare biological differences in all gene expression patterns in hair follicles between the coarse and fine wool groups. Based on the KEGG-based list, all genes with higher expression in the fine wool group were substantially enriched in pathways related to ECM–receptor interaction, Wnt signaling, TGF-β signaling, basal cell carcinoma, Notch signaling, and Hippo signaling. Canonical pathways such as the Wnt, Hippo, and TGF-β signaling pathways have been proven to be closely associated with hair growth [55]. The ECM–receptor interactions play a vital role in regulating the hair follicle size. ECM is widely present in the dermal sheath and papilla [56]. The amount of ECM per cell determines the volume of the dermal papilla, and the volume of the dermal papilla determines the size of the hair follicle [57]. WFD is significantly associated with the size of dermal papilla cells [19,20]. The core genes in the pathway may be involved in regulating WFD, including LAMA1, COL4A6, COL1A1, ITGB6, HSPG2, COL4A1, and COL4A2. The ITGB6 gene was expressed differently between the two groups, and it is a candidate gene for hairlessness and skin with few hair follicles [58]. The basal cell carcinoma pathway is also considered to be associated with hair growth [29]. TGF-β signaling is involved in normal epidermal development, maintenance of homeostasis [59], and regulation of the hair follicle cycle [60,61]. In summary, the more highly expressed gene sets in the fine wool group in these pathways play key roles in regulating hair structure.
To further explore the function of DEGs, PPI analysis was performed, and hub nodes and genes with a high degree of connection involved in key pathways were filtered. EGFR plays an important role in the control of epithelial hair layer development and hair shape [62]. Mice display a pronounced delay in hair follicle development when they completely lack EGFR [63]. VEGFA is paracrine factor that contributes to hair follicle growth and cell cycle regulation and stimulates the proliferation of dermal papilla cells [64,65]. The regulatory network also showed that DEGs including LEF1, FZD3, SMAD3, and BMP4 were important regulators of the Wnt signaling, basal cell carcinoma, and Hippo signaling pathways. NOTCH2, MAML3, and DTX4 were substantially enriched in Notch signaling. ITGB6 was also differentially regulated in ECM–receptor interaction between the two groups. These findings filter the crucial functional DEGs further.

5. Conclusions

This study identified differences in the characterization of coarse and fine wool and their hair follicle traits, as well as the transcriptome profiles of hair follicles of coarse and fine wool from Wan strain Angora rabbits. The morphological and histological analysis showed that the diameters of coarse wool and hair follicles were substantially larger than those of fine wool. The mRNA profile analysis obtained potential functional genes and pathways regulating hair structure. Further studies are required to investigate the roles of candidate functional genes that regulate hair structure to improve super-fine wool rabbit breeding programs.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/biology12030445/s1, Table S1: Primers for qPCR. F1, forward primer. R2, reverse primer; Table S2: Summary of RNA-Seq data for each sample; Table S3: The significant GO terms of differentially expressed genes; Table S4: The core genes identified in ECM–receptor interaction by GSEA; Table S5: The core genes identified in Wnt signaling pathway by GSEA; Table S6: The core genes identified in basal cell carcinoma by GSEA; Table S7: The core genes identified in TGF-β signaling pathway by GSEA; Table S8: The core genes identified in Notch signaling pathway by GSEA; Table S9: The core genes identified in Hippo signaling pathway by GSEA; Figure S1: The DEGs in hair follicles of coarse and fine wool from Wan strain Angora rabbits. Red bar represents the number of up-regulated DEGs, green bar represents the number of down-regulated DEGs.

Author Contributions

D.H., H.Z. and H.D. conceived and designed the study. D.H., H.Z., H.D., G.C., Y.W. and T.L. collected the samples and recorded the phenotypes. H.D. and Y.W. performed the analysis and contributed to the visualization of the data. X.W. performed qRT-PCR validation. H.D. and D.H. wrote and revised the paper. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

The work was supported by Discipline Leading Talent Plan of Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences (LJRC-202107), the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA (CARS-43-A-4), the Provincial Key R&D Program of Anhui Province (202104a06020032), Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering Project (No. XMT2022-8).

Institutional Review Board Statement

All the experimental procedures in the present study were approved by the Animal Care Advisory Committee of the Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences (protocol code AAAS2022-19). For sample collection, anesthesia through an ear vein injection of 0.7% pentobarbital sodium (6 mL/kg) was first administered.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The data are presented in this study and the Supplementary Materials. The sequencing data have been deposited in the Short Read Archive (SRA) under the accession number SRP415214 and BioProject accession number PRJNA916820.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Lin, H.; Kao, C.H.; Lin, K.M.; Kaartinen, V.; Yang, L.T. Notch signaling regulates late-stage epidermal differentiation and maintains postnatal hair cycle homeostasis. PLoS ONE 2011, 6, e15842. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  2. Chen, Y.; Bao, Z.; Liu, M.; Li, J.; Dai, Y.; Wang, F.; Zhang, X.; Zhai, P.; Zhao, B.; Wu, X. Promoter Methylation Changes in KRT17: A Novel Epigenetic Marker for Wool Production in Angora Rabbit. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 6077. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Yue, Y.; Guo, T.; Liu, J.; Guo, J.; Yuan, C.; Feng, R.; Niu, C.; Sun, X.; Yang, B. Exploring Differentially Expressed Genes and Natural Antisense Transcripts in Sheep (Ovis aries) Skin with Different Wool Fiber Diameters by Digital Gene Expression Profiling. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e129249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Iman, N.Y.; Johnson, C.L.; Russell, W.C.; Stobart, R.H. Estimation of genetic parameters for wool fiber diameter measures. J. Anim. Sci. 1992, 70, 1110–1115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Rafat, S.A.; de Rochambeau, H.; Brims, M.; Thebault, R.G.; Deretz, S.; Bonnet, M.; Allain, D. Characteristics of Angora rabbit fiber using optical fiber diameter analyzer. J. Anim. Sci. 2007, 85, 3116–3122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  6. Chi, W.; Wu, E.; Morgan, B.A. Dermal papilla cell number specifies hair size, shape and cycling and its reduction causes follicular decline. Development 2013, 140, 1676–1683. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  7. Ibraheem, M.; Galbraith, H.; Scaife, J.; Ewen, S. Growth of secondary hair follicles of the Cashmere goat in vitro and their response to prolactin and melatonin. J. Anat. 1994, 185, 135–142. [Google Scholar]
  8. Dong, Y.; Xie, M.; Jiang, Y.; Xiao, N.; Du, X.; Zhang, W.; Tosser-Klopp, G.; Wang, J.; Yang, S.; Liang, J.; et al. Sequencing and automated whole-genome optical mapping of the genome of a domestic goat (Capra hircus). Nat. Biotechnol. 2013, 31, 135–141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  9. Galbraith, H. Fundamental hair follicle biology and fine fibre production in animals. Animal 2010, 4, 1490–1509. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  10. Zhu, B.; Xu, T.; Yuan, J.; Guo, X.; Liu, D. Transcriptome sequencing reveals differences between primary and secondary hair follicle-derived dermal papilla cells of the Cashmere goat (Capra hircus). PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e76282. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  11. Zhao, J.; Qin, H.; Xin, J.; Liu, N.; Han, R.; Perez-Campo, F.M.; Li, H. Discovery of genes and proteins possibly regulating mean wool fibre diameter using cDNA microarray and proteomic approaches. Sci. Rep. 2020, 10, 7726. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  12. Wang, Z.; Zhang, H.; Yang, H.; Wang, S.; Rong, E.; Pei, W.; Li, H.; Wang, N. Genome-wide association study for wool production traits in a Chinese Merino sheep population. PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e107101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  13. Zhao, B.; Wu, C.; Sammad, A.; Ma, Z.; Suo, L.; Wu, Y.; Fu, X. The fiber diameter traits of Tibetan cashmere goats are governed by the inherent differences in stress, hypoxic, and metabolic adaptations: An integrative study of proteome and transcriptome. BMC Genom. 2022, 23, 191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  14. Zhao, H.; Guo, T.; Lu, Z.; Liu, J.; Zhu, S.; Qiao, G.; Han, M.; Yuan, C.; Wang, T.; Li, F.; et al. Genome-wide association studies detects candidate genes for wool traits by re-sequencing in Chinese fine-wool sheep. BMC Genom. 2021, 22, 127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Fuchs, E. Scratching the surface of skin development. Nature 2007, 445, 834–842. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  16. Driskell, R.R.; Clavel, C.; Rendl, M.; Watt, F.M. Hair follicle dermal papilla cells at a glance. J. Cell Sci 2011, 124, 1179–1182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  17. Enshell-Seijffers, D.; Lindon, C.; Kashiwagi, M.; Morgan, B.A. beta-catenin activity in the dermal papilla regulates morphogenesis and regeneration of hair. Dev. Cell 2010, 18, 633–642. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  18. Moore, G.P.; Jackson, N.; Isaacs, K.; Brown, G. Pattern and morphogenesis in skin. J. Theor. Biol. 1998, 191, 87–94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Moore, G.P.; Jackson, N.; Lax, J. Evidence of a unique developmental mechanism specifying both wool follicle density and fibre size in sheep selected for single skin and fleece characters. Genet. Res. 1989, 53, 57–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  20. Ibrahim, L.; Wright, E.A. A quantitative study of hair growth using mouse and rat vibrissal follicles. I. Dermal papilla volume determines hair volume. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 1982, 72, 209–224. [Google Scholar]
  21. Adelson, D.L.; Hollis, D.E.; Brown, G.H. Wool fibre diameter and follicle density are not specified simultaneously during wool follicle initiation. Aust. J. Agr. Res. 2002, 53, 1003–1009. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Sun, H.; He, Z.; Xi, Q.; Zhao, F.; Hu, J.; Wang, J.; Liu, X.; Zhao, Z.; Li, M.; Luo, Y.; et al. Lef1 and Dlx3 May Facilitate the Maturation of Secondary Hair Follicles in the Skin of Gansu Alpine Merino. Genes 2022, 13, 1326. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. Moore, G.P.; Panaretto, B.A.; Robertson, D. Effects of epidermal growth factor on hair growth in the mouse. J. Endocrinol. 1981, 88, 293–299. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Philpott, M.P.; Sanders, D.A.; Kealey, T. Effects of insulin and insulin-like growth factors on cultured human hair follicles: IGF-I at physiologic concentrations is an important regulator of hair follicle growth in vitro. J. Investig. Dermatol. 1994, 102, 857–861. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  25. Higgins, C.A.; Petukhova, L.; Harel, S.; Ho, Y.Y.; Drill, E.; Shapiro, L.; Wajid, M.; Christiano, A.M. FGF5 is a crucial regulator of hair length in humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2014, 111, 10648–10653. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  26. Andl, T.; Reddy, S.T.; Gaddapara, T.; Millar, S.E. WNT signals are required for the initiation of hair follicle development. Dev. Cell 2002, 2, 643–653. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  27. Qin, L.; Wang, W.; Shi, L.; Wan, X.; Yan, X.; Weng, Q.; Wu, X. Transcriptome expression profiling of fur color formation in domestic rabbits using Solexa sequencing. Genet. Mol. Res. 2016, 15, gmr.15027413. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Zhao, B.; Chen, Y.; Yan, X.; Hao, Y.; Zhu, J.; Weng, Q.; Wu, X. Gene expression profiling analysis reveals fur development in rex rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Genome 2017, 60, 1060–1067. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  29. Ding, H.; Zhao, H.; Cheng, G.; Yang, Y.; Wang, X.; Zhao, X.; Qi, Y.; Huang, D. Analyses of histological and transcriptome differences in the skin of short-hair and long-hair rabbits. BMC Genom. 2019, 20, 140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  30. Ding, H.; Zhao, H.; Zhao, X.; Qi, Y.; Wang, X.; Huang, D. Analysis of histology and long noncoding RNAs involved in the rabbit hair follicle density using RNA sequencing. BMC Genom. 2021, 22, 89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Mortazavi, A.; Williams, B.A.; McCue, K.; Schaeffer, L.; Wold, B. Mapping and quantifying mammalian transcriptomes by RNA-Seq. Nat. Methds. 2008, 5, 621–628. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  32. Liao, Y.; Smyth, G.K.; Shi, W. featureCounts: An efficient general purpose program for assigning sequence reads to genomicfeatures. Bioinformatics 2014, 30, 923–930. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  33. Florea, L.; Song, L.; Salzberg, S.L. Thousands of exon skipping events differentiate among splicing patterns in sixteen human tissues. F1000Research 2013, 2, 188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  34. Love, M.I.; Huber, W.; Anders, S. Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2. Genome Biol. 2014, 15, 550. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  35. Ye, J.; Fang, L.; Zheng, H.; Zhang, Y.; Chen, J.; Zhang, Z.; Wang, J.; Li, S.; Li, R.; Bolund, L. WEGO: A web tool for plotting GO annotations. Nucleic Acids Res. 2006, 34, W293–W297. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Kanehisa, M.; Goto, S. KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000, 27, 29–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Szklarczyk, D.; Gable, A.L.; Lyon, D.; Junge, A.; Wyder, S.; Huerta-Cepas, J.; Simonovic, M.; Doncheva, N.T.; Morris, J.H.; Bork, P.; et al. STRING v11: Protein-protein association networks with increased coverage, supporting functional discovery in genome-wide experimental datasets. Nucleic Acids Res. 2019, 47, D607–D613. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  38. Livak, K.J.; Schmittgen, T.D. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method. Methods 2001, 25, 402–408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Safari, E.; Fogarty, N.M.; Gilmour, A.R. A review of genetic parameter estimates for wool, growth, meat and reproduction traits in sheep. Livest. Prod. Sci. 2005, 92, 271–289. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Ji, X.Y.; Wang, J.X.; Liu, B.; Zheng, Z.Q.; Fu, S.Y.; Tarekegn, G.M.; Bai, X.; Bai, Y.S.; Li, H.; Zhang, W.G. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals that a ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis pathway is important for primary and secondary hair follicle development in cashmere goats. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e156124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  41. Kulessa, H.; Turk, G.; Hogan, B.L. Inhibition of Bmp signaling affects growth and differentiation in the anagen hair follicle. EMBO J. 2000, 19, 6664–6674. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  42. Ma, L.; Liu, J.; Wu, T.; Plikus, M.; Jiang, T.X.; Bi, Q.; Liu, Y.H.; Muller-Rover, S.; Peters, H.; Sundberg, J.P.; et al. ‘Cyclic alopecia’ in Msx2 mutants: Defects in hair cycling and hair shaft differentiation. Development 2003, 130, 379–389. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  43. Mecklenburg, L.; Nakamura, M.; Sundberg, J.P.; Paus, R. The nude mouse skin phenotype: The role of Foxn1 in hair follicle development and cycling. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 2001, 71, 171–178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. Larsen, B.M.; Cowan, J.E.; Wang, Y.; Tanaka, Y.; Zhao, Y.; Voisin, B.; Constantinides, M.G.; Nagao, K.; Belkaid, Y.; Awasthi, P.; et al. Identification of an Intronic Regulatory Element Necessary for Tissue-Specific Expression of Foxn1 in Thymic Epithelial Cells. J. Immunol. 2019, 203, 686–695. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Hwang, J.; Mehrani, T.; Millar, S.E.; Morasso, M.I. Dlx3 is a crucial regulator of hair follicle differentiation and cycling. Development 2008, 135, 3149–3159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  46. Rogers, M.A.; Langbein, L.; Praetzel-Wunder, S.; Winter, H.; Schweizer, J. Human hair keratin-associated proteins (KAPs). Int. Rev. Cytol. 2006, 251, 209–263. [Google Scholar]
  47. Rogers, M.A.; Schweizer, J. Human KAP genes, only the half of it? Extensive size polymorphisms in hair keratin-associated protein genes. J. Investig. Dermatol. 2005, 124, vii–ix. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  48. Rishikaysh, P.; Dev, K.; Diaz, D.; Qureshi, W.M.; Filip, S.; Mokry, J. Signaling involved in hair follicle morphogenesis and development. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2014, 15, 1647–1670. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  49. Aubin-Houzelstein, G. Notch signaling and the developing hair follicle. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2012, 727, 142–160. [Google Scholar]
  50. Lai, E.C. Notch signaling: Control of cell communication and cell fate. Development 2004, 131, 965–973. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  51. Blanpain, C.; Lowry, W.E.; Pasolli, H.A.; Fuchs, E. Canonical notch signaling functions as a commitment switch in the epidermal lineage. Genes Dev. 2006, 20, 3022–3035. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  52. Pan, Y.; Lin, M.H.; Tian, X.; Cheng, H.T.; Gridley, T.; Shen, J.; Kopan, R. gamma-secretase functions through Notch signaling to maintain skin appendages but is not required for their patterning or initial morphogenesis. Dev. Cell 2004, 7, 731–743. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  53. Zheng, Y.; Zhou, Y.; Huang, Y.; Wang, H.; Guo, H.; Yuan, B.; Zhang, J. Transcriptome sequencing of black and white hair follicles in the giant panda. Integr. Zool 2022. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  54. Wang, X.; Cairns, M.J. Gene set enrichment analysis of RNA-Seq data: Integrating differential expression and splicing. BMC Bioinform. 2013, 14 (Suppl. 5), S16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  55. Li, C.; Feng, C.; Ma, G.; Fu, S.; Chen, M.; Zhang, W.; Li, J. Time-course RNA-seq analysis reveals stage-specific and melatonin-triggered gene expression patterns during the hair follicle growth cycle in Capra hircus. BMC Genom. 2022, 23, 140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  56. Messenger, A.G.; Elliott, K.; Temple, A.; Randall, V.A. Expression of basement membrane proteins and interstitial collagens in dermal papillae of human hair follicles. J. Investig. Dermatol. 1991, 96, 93–97. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  57. Elliott, K.; Stephenson, T.J.; Messenger, A.G. Differences in hair follicle dermal papilla volume are due to extracellular matrix volume and cell number: Implications for the control of hair follicle size and androgen responses. J. Investig. Dermatol. 1999, 113, 873–877. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  58. Bruun, C.S.; Jørgensen, C.B.; Bay, L.; Cirera, S.; Jensen, H.E.; Leifsson, P.S.; Knud, C.; Jens, N.; Fredholm, M. Phenotypic and genetic characterization of a novel phenotype in pigs characterized by juvenile hairlessness and age dependent emphysema. BMC Genom. 2008, 9, 283. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  59. Kahata, K.; Dadras, M.S.; Moustakas, A. TGF-beta Family Signaling in Epithelial Differentiation and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. 2018, 10, a022194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  60. Foitzik, K.; Lindner, G.; Mueller-Roever, S.; Maurer, M.; Botchkareva, N.; Botchkarev, V.; Handjiski, B.; Metz, M.; Hibino, T.; Soma, T.; et al. Control of murine hair follicle regression (catagen) by TGF-beta1 in vivo. Faseb J. 2000, 14, 752–760. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  61. Niimori, D.; Kawano, R.; Felemban, A.; Niimori-Kita, K.; Tanaka, H.; Ihn, H.; Ohta, K. Tsukushi controls the hair cycle by regulating TGF-β1 signaling. Dev. Biol. 2012, 372, 81–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  62. Amberg, N.; Sotiropoulou, P.A.; Heller, G.; Lichtenberger, B.M.; Holcmann, M.; Camurdanoglu, B.; Baykuscheva-Gentscheva, T.; Blanpain, C.; Sibilia, M. EGFR controls hair shaft differentiation in a p53-independent manner. iScience 2019, 15, 243–256. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  63. Miettinen, P.J.; Berger, J.E.; Meneses, J.; Phung, Y.; Derynck, R. Epithelial immaturity and multiorgan failure in mice lacking epidermal growth factor receptor. Nature 1995, 376, 337–341. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  64. Li, W.; Man, X.; Li, C.; Chen, J.; Zheng, M. VEGF induces proliferation of human hair follicle dermal papilla cells through VEGFR-2-mediated activation of ERK. Exp. Cell Res. 2012, 318, 1633–1640. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  65. Ikeda, M.; Yabe, S.; Kiso, M.; Ishiguro, N.; Tsunemi, Y.; Okochi, H. TERT/BMI1-transgenic human dermal papilla cells enhance murine hair follicle formation in vivo. J. Dermatol. Sci. 2022, 106, 78–85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Biology 12 00445 g001 550
Figure 1. Comparison of coarse and fine wool and hair follicle traits of Wan strain Angora rabbits. (A) The appearance of coarse and fine wool. (B) The diameter of coarse and fine wool. ** p < 0.01. (C) Histological analysis of hair follicles. P means primary hair follicle; S means secondary hair follicle.
Figure 1. Comparison of coarse and fine wool and hair follicle traits of Wan strain Angora rabbits. (A) The appearance of coarse and fine wool. (B) The diameter of coarse and fine wool. ** p < 0.01. (C) Histological analysis of hair follicles. P means primary hair follicle; S means secondary hair follicle.
Biology 12 00445 g001
Biology 12 00445 g002 550
Figure 2. Heatmap analysis of the DEGs in hair follicles between coarse and fine wool from rabbits. Increased expression is marked in red, and decreased expression is marked in green; C represents coarse wool group; X represents fine wool group.
Figure 2. Heatmap analysis of the DEGs in hair follicles between coarse and fine wool from rabbits. Increased expression is marked in red, and decreased expression is marked in green; C represents coarse wool group; X represents fine wool group.
Biology 12 00445 g002
Biology 12 00445 g003 550
Figure 3. GO analysis of DEGs in hair follicles between coarse and fine wool. p value < 0.05 was considered to indicate a significant difference.
Figure 3. GO analysis of DEGs in hair follicles between coarse and fine wool. p value < 0.05 was considered to indicate a significant difference.
Biology 12 00445 g003
Biology 12 00445 g004 550
Figure 4. The enriched KEGG pathways of DEGs in hair follicles between coarse and fine wool. p value < 0.05 was considered to indicate a significant difference.
Figure 4. The enriched KEGG pathways of DEGs in hair follicles between coarse and fine wool. p value < 0.05 was considered to indicate a significant difference.
Biology 12 00445 g004
Biology 12 00445 g005 550
Figure 5. Gene set enrichment analysis was used to analyze the substantially enriched signaling. The enrichment scores of genes in the pathways were calculated using the GSEA algorithm. NOM p-value < 0.05 and |NES| > 1 were considered significant enrichment. (A) Extracellular matrix receptor interaction. (B) Wnt signaling. (C) Basal cell carcinoma. (D) TGF-β signaling. (E) Notch signaling. (F) Hippo signaling.
Figure 5. Gene set enrichment analysis was used to analyze the substantially enriched signaling. The enrichment scores of genes in the pathways were calculated using the GSEA algorithm. NOM p-value < 0.05 and |NES| > 1 were considered significant enrichment. (A) Extracellular matrix receptor interaction. (B) Wnt signaling. (C) Basal cell carcinoma. (D) TGF-β signaling. (E) Notch signaling. (F) Hippo signaling.
Biology 12 00445 g005
Biology 12 00445 g006 550
Figure 6. PPI analysis for DEGs in hair follicles between the coarse and fine wool groups. Each node means a gene, and each edge means the interaction between genes. The blue nodes mean the signaling pathways enriched by DEGs. A darker color indicates a stronger interaction with more genes.
Figure 6. PPI analysis for DEGs in hair follicles between the coarse and fine wool groups. Each node means a gene, and each edge means the interaction between genes. The blue nodes mean the signaling pathways enriched by DEGs. A darker color indicates a stronger interaction with more genes.
Biology 12 00445 g006
Biology 12 00445 g007 550
Figure 7. Validation of the RNA-Seq results of nine DEGs with qRT-PCR.
Figure 7. Validation of the RNA-Seq results of nine DEGs with qRT-PCR.
Biology 12 00445 g007
Table
Table 1. Expression levels of differentially expressed KRT and KAP genes between coarse and fine wool of Angora rabbits.
Table 1. Expression levels of differentially expressed KRT and KAP genes between coarse and fine wool of Angora rabbits.
Gene_IDFPKM Valuelog2FoldChangepadjGene_Name
CWFWC/F
ENSOCUG0000000809712,772.9894650,873.64262−1.9938310428.23 × 10−36KRT72
ENSOCUG000000291954355.24888711,770.33261−1.434346794.32 × 10−10KRT73
ENSOCUG000000005011593.2704266539.650031−2.0375572031.41 × 10−19KRT82
ENSOCUG0000001308413,194.5304331,919.36712−1.2744369472.83 × 10−16KRT35
ENSOCUG0000000260732,696.8897487,967.21994−1.4278036883.34 × 10−12KRT85
ENSOCUG000000130796008.18984413,499.59989−1.1679612198.47 × 10−5KRT32
ENSOCUG0000001419532,907.0920774,808.91002−1.1848019781.53 × 10−4KRT34
ENSOCUG000000155936515.98543115,504.91326−1.2506643242.25 × 10−4KRT39
ENSOCUG000000311782.62222385214.45444295−2.484523463.92 × 10−2KRT77
ENSOCUG0000001561542,284.08017205297.44−2.2795288892.97 × 10−13KRTAP3-1
ENSOCUG000000252221890.3821464169.785928−1.1410195592.40 × 10−5KRTAP17-1
ENSOCUG0000002956941,948.6787711,894.109291.8184639672.19 × 10−27KRT17
ENSOCUG00000011731194,355.735381,574.581561.252501619.47 × 10−21KRT10
ENSOCUG00000008992427548.044155,569.58721.4585213442.19 × 10−27KRT25
ENSOCUG0000002787011,282.859251317.9914883.0982595133.83 × 10−20KRTAP6-1
ENSOCUG00000029234486,944.5473152,777.58881.672328421.66 × 10−36KRT71
ENSOCUG0000001742127,979.2641711,240.113451.3157578041.88 × 10−6KRT5
Table
Table 2. Gene sets enriched in the hair follicle of fine wool group.
Table 2. Gene sets enriched in the hair follicle of fine wool group.
Gene Set NameNESNOM p-Value
ECM–receptor interaction−1.61062490
Wnt signaling pathway−1.58307960
Basal cell carcinoma−1.53058770
TGF-beta signaling pathway−1.52861380
Notch signaling pathway−1.52714460
Hippo signaling pathway−1.510960
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Huang, D.; Ding, H.; Wang, Y.; Cheng, G.; Wang, X.; Leng, T.; Zhao, H. Hair Follicle Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Differentially Expressed Genes That Regulate Wool Fiber Diameter in Angora Rabbits. Biology 2023, 12, 445. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12030445

AMA Style

Huang D, Ding H, Wang Y, Cheng G, Wang X, Leng T, Zhao H. Hair Follicle Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Differentially Expressed Genes That Regulate Wool Fiber Diameter in Angora Rabbits. Biology. 2023; 12(3):445. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12030445

Chicago/Turabian Style

Huang, Dongwei, Haisheng Ding, Yuanlang Wang, Guanglong Cheng, Xiaofei Wang, Taishan Leng, and Huiling Zhao. 2023. "Hair Follicle Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Differentially Expressed Genes That Regulate Wool Fiber Diameter in Angora Rabbits" Biology 12, no. 3: 445. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12030445

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop