Eco-Polycentric Urban Systems: An Ecological Region Perspective for Network Cities
Abstract
:“When we deal with cities we are dealing with life at its most complex and intense.” [1]
1. Urbanization and Sustainability
2. Emergent Metaphors, Concepts, and Paradigms for Ecological City Planning and Design
2.1. Holism
2.2. Systems Thinking
2.3. Self-Organization and Autopoiesis
2.4. Resilience
2.5. Redundancy
2.6. Urban Metabolism
2.7. Cooperation and Competition
3. Envisioning the Cities of the Future
3.1. A Paradigm Shift
3.2 The Role of Landscape Ecology for Regional Planning of Cities. The SLP Framework
3.3. The Ecological Urban Region
3.3.1. A Chorological Perspective for City Planning
3.3.2. A Spatial Conflict
3.3.3. Post-Oil Cities
3.3.4. Polycentric Urban Structures and Network Cities
3.3.5. Towards an Extended Perspective for Cities’ Regional Planning
4. Strategies for Self-Reliant Cities
5. Case-Study—Kalundborg
- The energy crisis of the 70s and 80s prompted many of the energy efficiencies;
- The economic benefits and an enhanced environmental image: “(…) environmental altruism has little to do with the symbioses that have been developed” ([29], p. 244);
- Physical proximity of the companies involved in the process in an area of circa 4 km2, and the fact that Kalundborg is a small town, with a strong sense of community (see below);
- 5. Cooperation and complementarity between the companies, the municipality, local environmental NGO’s, and others actors. The governance system led by Asnӕs—the environmental “club” started in 1989 with the abovementioned main players, that promoted discussion and brainstorming in order to expand this symbiotic system.
- - All contracts have been negotiated on a bilateral basis;
- - Each contract has resulted from the conclusion by both companies involved that the project would be economically attractive;
- - Opportunities not within a company's core business, no matter how environmentally attractive, have not been acted upon;
- - Each partner does its best to ensure that risks are minimized;
- - Each company evaluates their own deals independently; there is no system-wide evaluation of performance, and they all seem to feel this would be difficult to achieve.
- - Industries must be different and yet must fit each other;
- - Arrangements must be commercially sound and profitable;
- - Development must be voluntary, in close collaboration with regulatory agencies;
- - A short physical distance between the partners is necessary for economy of transportation (with
- - heat and some materials);
- - At Kalundborg, the managers at different plants all know each other” [143].
5. Concluding Remarks
References and Notes
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Botequilha-Leitão, A. Eco-Polycentric Urban Systems: An Ecological Region Perspective for Network Cities. Challenges 2012, 3, 1-42. https://doi.org/10.3390/challe3010001
Botequilha-Leitão A. Eco-Polycentric Urban Systems: An Ecological Region Perspective for Network Cities. Challenges. 2012; 3(1):1-42. https://doi.org/10.3390/challe3010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleBotequilha-Leitão, André. 2012. "Eco-Polycentric Urban Systems: An Ecological Region Perspective for Network Cities" Challenges 3, no. 1: 1-42. https://doi.org/10.3390/challe3010001