S-Nitrosoglutathione Reverts Dietary Sucrose-Induced Insulin Resistance
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Presurgical Protocols
2.2. Surgical Protocol
2.3. Rapid Insulin Sensitivity Test (RIST)
2.4. Determination of Serum Levels of Glucose, Insulin, and c-peptide
2.5. Meal Tolerance Test
2.6. Measurement of Hepatic Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) Gene Expression
2.7. Measurement of Hepatic Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) Activity
2.8. Nitric Oxide Assessment
2.9. Hepatic Glutathione Measurement
2.10. Cell Culture for and L6 Myotubes
2.11. Glucose Uptake
2.12. Immunoblotting Analysis
2.13. Experimental Protocols
2.14. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. High Sucrose Intake Promotes Body Weight Gain with Unchanged Fasting Glycemia
3.2. Insulin Sensitivity is Impaired in High-Sucrose Diet Fed Animals
3.3. Hepatic Nitric Oxide Expression/Activity and Nitrate Levels, as well as Hepatic Glutathione, are Altered in High-Sucrose Feeding
3.4. Intravenous Administration of S-Nitrosoglutathione Ameliorates Sucrose Induced Insulin Resistance
3.5. S-Nitrosogluathione Promotes Glucose Uptake in L6 Myotubes
3.6. S-Nitrosoglutathione Promote Glucose Uptake by Activating the Insulin Signaling Pathway
4. Discussion
4.1. Body Weight, Water/Food Intake, and Biochemical Parameters
4.2. Weeks of Sucrose-Enriched Diet Leads to Impaired Insulin Secretion and Clearance in the Fed State
4.3. Glutathione and NO Levels are Impaired after 4 Weeks of Sucrose Diet
4.4. S-Nitrothiols are Sufficient to Overcome Insulin Resistance
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sousa-Lima, I.; Fernandes, A.B.; Patarrão, R.S.; Kim, Y.-B.; Macedo, M.P. S-Nitrosoglutathione Reverts Dietary Sucrose-Induced Insulin Resistance. Antioxidants 2020, 9, 870. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9090870
Sousa-Lima I, Fernandes AB, Patarrão RS, Kim Y-B, Macedo MP. S-Nitrosoglutathione Reverts Dietary Sucrose-Induced Insulin Resistance. Antioxidants. 2020; 9(9):870. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9090870
Chicago/Turabian StyleSousa-Lima, Inês, Ana B. Fernandes, Rita S. Patarrão, Young-Bum Kim, and M. Paula Macedo. 2020. "S-Nitrosoglutathione Reverts Dietary Sucrose-Induced Insulin Resistance" Antioxidants 9, no. 9: 870. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9090870