Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress Responses in the Pediatric Population
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Children Are Not Little Adults
3. Responses to Acute Exercise
4. Responses to Chronic Exercise
5. Physiological Significance
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study | Exercise | Subjects | Tissue | Oxidant and Antioxidant Markers |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nikolaidis et al. (2007) [19] | Swimming Volume: 50 m × 12 reps. Intensity: 70%–75% of best time Rest periods: 1 min | 11 boys and 11 girls, 9–11 years old Training age >1 year Training frequency >3 times/week | Serum | CAT↑, GSH↓, TBARS↑, PC↑, TAC↑ |
Zalavras et al. (2015) [22] | Time trial, 45 min in ~75% of VO2max and until exhaustion in 90% of VO2max | 13 trained adolescents, 11 untrained adolescents, 12 trained adults, 10 untrained adults. Pre-intervention, at mid of macrocycle and at the end of macrocycle | Serum, erythrocytes | TAC ↑ (excepted the trained adolescents in first trial), GSH ~ (athletes) and ↓ in non-athletes, CAT↑, TBARS ↑, PC↑, UA↑ Bilirubin ↑ |
Paltoglou et al. (2015) [39] | Time trial in 70% of VO2max until exhaustion | 76 healthy normal weight and obese children (pre-pubertal and pubertal) | Serum, erythrocytes | TBARS↑, PC↑, GSH↓, GSSG↑, GSH/GSSG↑, GPx↑, TAC↑, CAT↑ (excepted the normal weight in early pubertal children) |
Benites-Sillero et al. (2009) [44] | 20 m-Shuttle run test incremental exercise test | 38 prepubescent and 32 pubescent non-athlete boys | Saliva | GSH↑ |
Liu and Timmons (2015) [45] | Volume: 2 × 30 min, Rest period: 6 min rest Intensity: 60% VO2max | 10 children 8–10 years old 12 adults 19–21 years old | Blood | Children Absolute Neutrophils ~, Intracellular Neutrophils↑, PC ~, MDA ~ |
Kabasakalis et al. (2014) [46] | Swimming 2000 m 50 m × 6 reps, Intensity: maximal, rest periods: 5 min | 15 boys and 15 girls, 14–18 years old Training age >1 year Training frequency >3 times/week | Plasma CSH in Erythrocytes | 2000 m 8-OHdG ↑PC~, MDA↑, GSH↓, UA ~, Bilirubin↓ (post), Bilirubin ↑ (24 h post) 6 × 50 m 8-OHdG ↑PC~, MDA↑, GSH↓ (24 h), UA↑, Bilirubin↓ (1 h post), Bilirubin↑ (24 h post) |
Tong et al. (2013) [47] | Endurance 21 km | 10 runners 14–17 years old, one year study. Acute effects were examined two times pre- and post-one year training | Serum | Pre-intervention TBARS↓, XO ~, CAT ~, GSH ~, SOD↓, TAC ~ Post intervention TBARS↓, XO↑, CAT↑, GSH~, SOD ↓, TAC ~ |
Pereea et al. (2015) [51] | Basketball and soccer game | 35 football players and 13 basketball players 16–17 years old | Serum, | Football TSPs↓, PMN elastase↑, MPO~, Fibrinogen ~ Basketball TSPs↑, PMN elastase↓, MPO~, Fibrinogen ~ |
Study | Exercise | Subjects | Tissue | Oxidant and Antioxidant Markers |
---|---|---|---|---|
Zalavras et al. (2015) [22] | Endurance training measures during the course of a training cycle | 13 trained adolescents, 11 untrained adolescents, 12 trained adults, 10 untrained adults. Pre-intervention, at mid of macrocycle and at the end of macrocycle | Serum, erythrocytes | Trained adolescents demonstrated PC↓, TBARS↓ and an attenuated decline of TAC and GSH in response to acute exercise compared to controls |
Gougoura et al. (2007) [33] | Swimming comparison between athletes and controls | 17 athletes 10–12 years old, training age >1 year, training frequency 3 times/week, duration 1 h | Serum Blood | GSH↑, GSSG ~, GSH/GSSG↓, TBARS↑, TAC↓, CAT↓, UA~ |
Santos-Silva et al. (2001) [34] | Swimming | 40 high level athletes 12–16 years old, training duration 20 h/week | Plasma | TAS ~, TBARS ↑ |
Kabasakalis et al. (2007) [71] | 13–23 weeks of swimming training | 24 boys and girls 10–11 years old, training age >1 year, training frequency >3 times/week, duration 75–90 min | Plasma Erythrocyte | TBARS ~, PC↑, GSH↑, GSSG↓, GSH/GSSG↑, TAC~, CAT~ |
Llorente-Cantarero FJ et al. (2012) [72] | Status, rest values among children with different training status | 132 boys and girls 7–12 years old | Plasma Erythrocyte | Children with pure training status demonstrated TG↑, GSSG↑, GSH/GSSG↓ |
Tong et al. (2012) [73] | Endurance athletes | 67 male runners, cyclists and untrained adolescents | Serum | Cyclists demonstrated higher values in XO, GSH AND CAT in comparison to runners and controls Runners demonstrated higher values in CAT in comparison to controls |
Alshammari et al. (2010) [74] | Comparison between trained and untrained children, 3 years training period | 38 girls, 11 years old training duration >10 h per week, | Serum | GPx was higher and SOD was lower in trained children |
Djordgevic et al. (2011) [75] | Handball training | 33 handball players and untrained individual, 16–19 years old and training age 7–10 years | Plasma Erythrocyte | Athletes demonstrated higher activity in SOD, lower activity in CAT and higher level in TBARS concentration |
Yilmaz et al. (2007) [76] | Basketball training | Adolescent basketball players | Serum, plasma | TAC was higher in basketball players Oxidative stress index and total peroxide level did not differ between group |
Zivkoviz et al. (2013) [77] | Soccer training 6 months intervention | 26 male soccer players and 26 non-athletes, 12–13 years old | Blood samples | After 6 months training the following alterations were occurred TBARS↑, SOD↑, CAT↑, GSH↓, H2O2~, O2−~ |
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Avloniti, A.; Chatzinikolaou, A.; Deli, C.K.; Vlachopoulos, D.; Gracia-Marco, L.; Leontsini, D.; Draganidis, D.; Jamurtas, A.Z.; Mastorakos, G.; Fatouros, I.G. Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress Responses in the Pediatric Population. Antioxidants 2017, 6, 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox6010006
Avloniti A, Chatzinikolaou A, Deli CK, Vlachopoulos D, Gracia-Marco L, Leontsini D, Draganidis D, Jamurtas AZ, Mastorakos G, Fatouros IG. Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress Responses in the Pediatric Population. Antioxidants. 2017; 6(1):6. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox6010006
Chicago/Turabian StyleAvloniti, Alexandra, Athanasios Chatzinikolaou, Chariklia K. Deli, Dimitris Vlachopoulos, Luis Gracia-Marco, Diamanda Leontsini, Dimitrios Draganidis, Athanasios Z. Jamurtas, George Mastorakos, and Ioannis G. Fatouros. 2017. "Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress Responses in the Pediatric Population" Antioxidants 6, no. 1: 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox6010006