Environmental Exploration of Ultra-Dense Nanobubbles: Rethinking Sustainability
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Microscopic Fundamentals
3. Techniques for Nanobubble Generation
- Device for generating nanobubbles by electric current supply [65]
- Water-containing oxygen nanobubbles and method for the production thereof [66]
- Method of forming nanobubbles [67]
- Method and apparatus for applying electrical charge through a liquid to enhance sanitizing properties [68]: this patent uses electrolysis with ionic sources.
4. Characterization of the Nano-Phase
5. The Context for Nanobubbles in Environmental Sustainability
6. A Wastewater and Ecosystem-Management Pathway
7. Case Study of Wastewater-Treatment
8. Agricultural Progress and Visions
9. Environmental and Sustainability Outlook
10. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Competitive Performance Indicator | Value |
---|---|
Bubble lifetime: exponential-decay half-life | Minutes to months, depending on gas/solvent type |
Energy cost of Aqua-B NB generators | kW/kg O2 transferred/h |
Aeration efficiency (AE) | kg O2/kWh |
“Bubbles per buck”—energy cost per kg gas in NBs | W/mg/L |
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English, N.J. Environmental Exploration of Ultra-Dense Nanobubbles: Rethinking Sustainability. Environments 2022, 9, 33. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments9030033
English NJ. Environmental Exploration of Ultra-Dense Nanobubbles: Rethinking Sustainability. Environments. 2022; 9(3):33. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments9030033
Chicago/Turabian StyleEnglish, Niall J. 2022. "Environmental Exploration of Ultra-Dense Nanobubbles: Rethinking Sustainability" Environments 9, no. 3: 33. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments9030033