Long-Term Environmental Monitoring in an Arctic Lake Polluted by Metals under Climate Change
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Research Period | The Ratio of the Number of Fish Species in Catches, Specimens: | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Trout | Whitefish | Vendace | Grayling | Pike | Perch | Burbot | |
August 1990 | 6 | 150 | - | 1 | 51 | 45 | 1 |
September 1991 | - | 371 | - | - | 28 | 40 | - |
June–September 1992 | - | 225 | - | - | - | - | - |
June–September 1998 | - | 373 | - | - | 2 | 5 | 7 |
August 2004 | - | 468 | 37 | 1 | 12 | 54 | - |
August 2005 | 1 | 23 | - | - | - | 17 | - |
August 2007 | 2 | 177 | - | - | 1 | 57 | - |
September 2009 | - | 113 | 1 | - | - | 1 | 6 |
July–August 2012 | 5 | 363 | 23 | - | 12 | 33 | 7 |
July–September 2013 | - | 90 | 5 | - | 7 | 13 | - |
September 2015 | 2 | 201 | 34 | - | 2 | 45 | 2 |
Layers of Sediments, cm | Ni | Cu | Zn | Co | Cd | Pb | As | Hg | Cd |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0–1 | 4032 | 1343 | 240 | 184.1 | 3.14 | 36.1 | 43.1 | 0.417 | |
22–23 | 32 | 40 | 80 | 15.9 | 0.10 | 6.6 | 2.62 | 0.049 | |
Cf | 125.7 | 33.5 | 3.0 | 11.6 | 32.1 | 5.5 | 16.4 | 8.5 | 236.2 |
Indicators | Research Periods | ||
---|---|---|---|
1996–1998 | 2007–2011 | 2012–2015 | |
Phytoplankton | |||
Dominant taxa | Melosira varians Pandorina morum Asterionella formosa Diatoma tenuis Dinobryon sociale Eudorina sp. | Asterionella formosa Fragilaria tenera var. nanana Staurosira construens Diatoma tenuis Microcystis pulverea f. delicatissima Dinobryon bavaricum | Asterionella formosa Pseudosphaerocystis lacustris Mucidosphaerium pulchellum Fragilaria capucina Pseudanabaena sp. |
B, g/m3 | 1.06 (1.06–2.05) | 1.95 (1.33–2.65) | 2.30 (1.23–10.68) |
Chl «a», mg/m3 | 4.23 (2.71–5.95) | 4.51 (0.35–4.04) | 5.06 (0.46–28.34) |
S | 1.92 (1.02–1.44) | 1.27 (1.17–1.52) | 1.42 (1.30–1.88) |
K | III | II | II |
T | β-mesotrophic | ||
Zooplankton | |||
Dominant taxa | Kellicottia longispina, Keratella cochlearis, Keratella quadrata, Notholca sp., Polyarthra sp., Bosmina obtusirostris, Daphnia cristata | Kellicottia longispina, Keratella cochlearis, Polyarthra sp., Bosmina obtusirostris | Keratella cochlearis, Notholca sp., Polyarthra sp. |
N, thousand. Ind./m3 | 44.7–62.0 | 80.0–147.0 | 272.1–1254.3 |
B, g/m3 | 0.2 (0.18–0.25) | 0.15 (0.02–0.68) | 2.3 (1.3–3.5) |
H’(N) bit/ind. | 2.0–2.6 | 1.7–2.0 | 1.1–2.0 |
B3/B2 | 0.1–0.5 | 0.01–0.5 | 0.01–0.9 |
W = B/N, mg | 0.003–0.006 | 0.001–0.005 | 0.001–0.005 |
T | α-oligotrophic | transitional from α- to β-oligotrophic | transitional from α- to β-mesotrophic |
Indicators | Research Period | |
---|---|---|
1990–1992 * | 2009–2013 | |
Dominantspecies | Cricotopus ** Stictochironomus, Orthocladius, Tanytarsini, Pisidium sp. Limnephilidae, Polycentropodidae Chironomus sp., Sergentia sp., Tubifex tubifex | Cricotopus silvestris gr. Procladius choreus gr. Tubifex tubifex Sergentia coracina Chironomus sp. Prodiamesa olivacea |
N, ind./m2 | - *** 2267 | 1680 506 |
B, g/m2 | - 12.1 | 7.5 2.1 |
Total number of taxa | 56 | 28 |
T | eutrophic | oligotrophic |
Fish Species | Research Period | ||
---|---|---|---|
1990–1998 | 2004–2009 | 2013–2015 | |
Trout | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.8 |
Whitefish | 85.7 | 80.5 | 77.4 |
Vendace | 0.0 | 3.9 | 7.3 |
Grayling | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 |
Pike | 6.2 | 1.3 | 2.5 |
Perch | 6.9 | 13.3 | 10.8 |
Burbot | 0.6 | 0.6 | 1.2 |
Fish Species | Length as a Whole for the Sampling, mm | Weight as a Whole for the Sampling, g | Length of Sexually Mature Fish, mm | Weight of Sexually Mature Fish, g |
---|---|---|---|---|
1990–1998 | ||||
Sparsely rakered whitefish | 195 ± 3.7 88–465 (318) | 117 ± 9.8 4–1300 (318) | 206 ± 7.7 90–465(42) | 175 ± 22.2 4–1300 (42) |
Densely rakered whitefish | 139 ± 3.3 85–300 (211) | 34 ± 3.4 4–278 (211) | 146 ± 5.2 93–280 (36) | 46 ± 5.9 5–261 (36) |
Vendace | - | - | - | - |
Pike | 384 ± 7.1 255–540 (81) | 487 ± 26.9 110–1205 (81) | 427 ± 15.6 310–540 (18) | 620 ± 63.1 207–1205 (18) |
Perch | - | 98 ± 9.2 6–385 (90) | - | - |
2004–2008 | ||||
Sparsely rakered whitefish | 160 ± 1.8 83–265 (421) | 49 ± 1.8 6–254 (421) | 161 ± 2.1 87–260 (228) | 48 ± 2.2 6–210 (228) |
Densely rakered whitefish | 134 ± 2.4 75–293 (359) | 33 ± 2.1 2–340 (359) | 133 ± 3.1 87–293 (218) | 35 ± 2.9 4–340 (218) |
Vendace | 110 ± 1.6 100–130 (38) | 11 ± 0.5 6–19 (38) | 109 ± 1.7 100–130 (34) | 11 ± 0.5 6–19 (34) |
Pike | 326 ± 18.3 255–499 (13) | 373 ± 71.5 164–1079 (13) | 499 (1) | 890 (1) |
Perch | 186 ± 4.2 110–295 (129) | 122 ± 10.7 17–604 (129) | 252 ± 5.2 128–295 (33) | 296 ± 17.9 28–604 (33) |
2012–2015 | ||||
Sparsely rakered whitefish | 185 ± 3.6 77–407 (233) | 94 ± 8.2 4–981 (233) | 188 ± 2.62 116–407 (89) | 95 ± 13.33 14–843 (89) |
Densely rakered whitefish | 160 ± 2.58 75–312 (416) | 58 ± 3.0 4–365 (416) | 160 ± 5.0 80–312 (144) | 64 ± 6.53 4–365 (144) |
Vendace | 104 ± 1.1 87–141 (62) | 9 ± 0.4 5–24 (62) | 104 ± 1.0 96–123 (37) | 9 ± 0.5 6–19 (37) |
Pike | 408 ± 15.7 260–547 (21) | 637 ± 78.5 150–1385 (21) | 449 ± 24.3 400–516 (4) | 788 ± 158.5 471–1220 (4) |
Perch | 155 ± 4.9 45–290 (91) | 77 ± 10.7 1–792 (91) | 169 ± 7.8 119–290 (28) | 87 ± 17.2 23–440 (28) |
Fish Species, Study Period | Age | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1+ | 2+ | 3+ | 4+ | 5+ | 6+ | 7+ | 8+ | 9+ | 10+ | |
FL | ||||||||||
Sparsely rakered whitefish, 1990–1998 | 136 ± 18.9 103–220 (6) | 171 ± 7.0 97–235 (23) | 195 ± 5.5 124–250 (35) | 231 ± 6.4 173–325 (30) | 259 ± 9.6 206–330 (16) | 321 ± 7.3 289–343 (7) | 388 ± 9.5 360–400 (4) | 400 (1) | 285 (1) | 465 (1) |
Sparsely rakered whitefish, 2012–2015 | 103 ± 7.0 77–137 (7) | 148 ± 4.8 84–215 (43) | 156 ± 3.8 112–237 (52) | 188 ± 4.8 124–270 (53) | 231 ± 9.2 160–334 (35) | 220 ± 12.1 162–407 (22) | 221 ± 14.8 190–292 (6) | 421 (1) | 214 ± 11.5 202–225 (2) | 362 (1) |
T | 1.77 | 2.73 | 5.93 | 5.37 | 1.81 | 4.59 | 8.33 | - | - | - |
Densely rakered whitefish, 1990–1998 | 117 ± 3.9 102–158 (16) | 159 ± 7.3 110–220 (19) | 207 ± 8.0 165–270 (13) | 266 ± 5.2 255–275 (4) | 202 ± 8.0 194–210 (2) | - | 300 (1) | - | - | - |
Densely rakered whitefish, 2012–2015 | 97 ± 5.5 91–102 (2) | 126 ± 2.6 80–253 (139) | 156 ± 3.4 97–247 (88) | 184 ± 4.9 107–247 (72) | 225 ± 3.9 131–310 (58) | 261 ± 9.2 214–312 (12) | 259 ± 16.0 243–275 (2) | - | 295 (1) | - |
T | 1.75 | 4.38 | 5.45 | 3.95 | 1.09 | - | - | - | - | - |
W | ||||||||||
Sparsely rakered whitefish, 1990–1998 | 33 ± 16.5 8–113 (6) | 58 ± 7.4 7–142 (23) | 89 ± 8.3 17–189 (35) | 153 ± 18.5 24–465 (30) | 233 ± 31.5 106–475 (16) | 468 ± 33.6 284–536 (7) | 853 ± 71.8 658–1000 (4) | 1037 (1) | 277 (1) | 1300 (1) |
Sparsely rakered whitefish, 2012–2015 | 10 ± 2.4 4–24 (7) | 36 ± 4.0 5–115 (43) | 41 ± 3.7 13–135 (52) | 81 ± 8.1 16–300 (53) | 173 ± 23.9 40–488 (35) | 274 ± 52.3 86–1295 (22) | 133± 34.6 80–302 (6) | 981 (1) | 118 ± 19.5 98–137 (2) | 440 (1) |
T | 1.47 | 2.92 | 5.84 | 4.12 | 1.47 | 2.03 | 10.09 | - | - | - |
Densely rakered whitefish, 1990–1998 | 14 ± 2.1 6–36 (16) | 43 ± 6.7 8–118 (16) | 99 ± 13.9 38–226 (13) | 224 ± 20.1 182–261 (4) | 69 ± 31.1 47–91 (2) | - | 278 (1) | - | - | - |
Densely rakered whitefish, 2012–2015 | 8 ± 0.5 7–8 (2) | 22.3 ± 1.8 4–176 (139) | 43 ± 3.0 7–189 (88) | 74 ± 5.2 11–187 (72) | 134 ± 7.5 24–365 (58) | 213 ± 23.9 117–349 (12) | 212 ± 52.0 160–264 (2) | - | 290 (1) | - |
T | 1.11 | 3.71 | 5.91 | 6.67 | 1.60 | - |
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Zubova, E.M.; Kashulin, N.A.; Dauvalter, V.A.; Denisov, D.B.; Valkova, S.A.; Vandysh, O.I.; Slukovskii, Z.I.; Terentyev, P.M.; Cherepanov, A.A. Long-Term Environmental Monitoring in an Arctic Lake Polluted by Metals under Climate Change. Environments 2020, 7, 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments7050034
Zubova EM, Kashulin NA, Dauvalter VA, Denisov DB, Valkova SA, Vandysh OI, Slukovskii ZI, Terentyev PM, Cherepanov AA. Long-Term Environmental Monitoring in an Arctic Lake Polluted by Metals under Climate Change. Environments. 2020; 7(5):34. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments7050034
Chicago/Turabian StyleZubova, Elena M., Nikolay A. Kashulin, Vladimir A. Dauvalter, Dmitry B. Denisov, Svetlana A. Valkova, Oksana I. Vandysh, Zakhar I. Slukovskii, Peter M. Terentyev, and Alexander A. Cherepanov. 2020. "Long-Term Environmental Monitoring in an Arctic Lake Polluted by Metals under Climate Change" Environments 7, no. 5: 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments7050034