Remediation Strategies to Control Toxic Cyanobacterial Blooms: Effects of Macrophyte Aqueous Extracts on Microcystis aeruginosa (Growth, Toxin Production and Oxidative Stress Response) and on Bacterial Ectoenzymatic Activities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Cyanobacterial Strains
2.2. Macrophyte Sampling and Extraction
2.3. Comparison of Anticyanobacterial Activity of Different Macrophytes Extracts
2.4. Allelopathic Effect of the Most Active Aqueous Extract on M. aeruginosa Growth, Physiology and Toxicity
2.4.1. Experimental Design
2.4.2. Cyanobacterial Density and Growth Rate Determination
2.4.3. Pigment Contents and Pheophytin Concentrations
2.4.4. Antioxidant Response of M. aeruginosa
2.4.5. Cyanobacteria Morphology and Bacterial Abundance
2.4.6. Cyanotoxins Analysis
2.4.7. Ectoenzymatic Activities
2.5. Effects of the Most Active Aqueous Extract on Other Cyanobacterial Species
2.6. Data Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Comparison of Anticyanobacterial Activity Shown by Different Macrophyte Aqueous Extracts
3.2. Allelopathic Effect of R. aquatilis Aqueous Extract on M. aeruginosa and Their Associated Bacteria
3.2.1. Growth Inhibition
3.2.2. Effect on Pigments and Pheophytin Content of M. aeruginosa
3.2.3. Response of M. aeruginosa Cells to Oxidative Stress
3.2.4. Effect on Morphology of M. aeruginosa and Bacterial Community
3.2.5. Effects on Toxin Production
3.3. Allelopathic Effect of R. aquatilis Aqueous Extract on Growth and Toxicity of CS1101 R. raciborsky, CS1034 C. ovalisporum and P. rubescens F10
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatments | ELISA (µg/L) | LC-MS/MS (µg/L) | HPLC-DAD (µg/L) | Cell Quota (fg/cell) |
---|---|---|---|---|
NC | 10.20 (±6.68) | 15.75 (±4.37) | 14.40 | 0.74 (±0.43) |
PC | 0.22 (±0.01) *** | 0.08 (±0.06) *** | 5.40 | 0.11 (±0.09) * |
MIC | 1.58 (±0.74) *** | 2.27 (±0.24) ** | 22.06 | 0.66 (±0.13) |
MIC/2 | 3.79 (±1.25) * | 4.01 (±0.44) * | 22.04 | 0.25 (±0.04) * |
Cell Density (cell/L∙109) | Growth Rate (d−1) | CTX (µg/L) | Cell Quota fg MC-LReq/cell | |
---|---|---|---|---|
CS1101 C | 1.95 (±0.28) | 0.17 | 82.4 (±10.7) 1 | 39.66 (±1.57) |
CS1101 MIC | 0.11 (±0.02) | −0.19 | 35.9 (±11.7) 1 | 220.13 (±71.41) |
CS1034 C | 0.29 (±0.03) | 0.08 | 97.1 (±37.8) 1 | 335.66 (±112.34) |
CS1034 MIC | 0.06 (±0.00) | −0.30 | 80.5 (±33.7) 1 | 1304.50 (±580.85) |
F10 C | 2.20 (±0.33) | 0.14 | 109.2 (±10.1) 2 | 48.41 (±1.75) |
F10 MIC | 4.92 (±0.93) | 0.07 | 275.9 (±41.4) 2 | 57.86 (±22.81) |
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Tazart, Z.; Manganelli, M.; Scardala, S.; Buratti, F.M.; Nigro Di Gregorio, F.; Douma, M.; Mouhri, K.; Testai, E.; Loudiki, M. Remediation Strategies to Control Toxic Cyanobacterial Blooms: Effects of Macrophyte Aqueous Extracts on Microcystis aeruginosa (Growth, Toxin Production and Oxidative Stress Response) and on Bacterial Ectoenzymatic Activities. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 1782. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081782
Tazart Z, Manganelli M, Scardala S, Buratti FM, Nigro Di Gregorio F, Douma M, Mouhri K, Testai E, Loudiki M. Remediation Strategies to Control Toxic Cyanobacterial Blooms: Effects of Macrophyte Aqueous Extracts on Microcystis aeruginosa (Growth, Toxin Production and Oxidative Stress Response) and on Bacterial Ectoenzymatic Activities. Microorganisms. 2021; 9(8):1782. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081782
Chicago/Turabian StyleTazart, Zakaria, Maura Manganelli, Simona Scardala, Franca Maria Buratti, Federica Nigro Di Gregorio, Mountasser Douma, Khadija Mouhri, Emanuela Testai, and Mohammed Loudiki. 2021. "Remediation Strategies to Control Toxic Cyanobacterial Blooms: Effects of Macrophyte Aqueous Extracts on Microcystis aeruginosa (Growth, Toxin Production and Oxidative Stress Response) and on Bacterial Ectoenzymatic Activities" Microorganisms 9, no. 8: 1782. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081782