Drug Resistance Determinants in Clinical Isolates of Enterococcus faecalis in Bangladesh: Identification of Oxazolidinone Resistance Gene optrA in ST59 and ST902 Lineages
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Bacterial Isolates
2.2. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
2.3. Detection of Drug Resistance Genes
2.4. Genetic Analysis of aac(6′)-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia
2.5. Genetic Determinants of Oxazolidinone and Daptomycin Resistance
2.6. Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST)
2.7. GenBank Accession Numbers
3. Results
3.1. Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance and Resistance Determinants
3.2. Genetic Analysis of aac(6′)-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia
3.3. ST of Isolates with Different Characteristics
3.4. Genetic Background of fexA and optrA
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Antimicrobials 1/Resistance Determinants 2 | Number of Resistant Isolates/Isolates with Resistant Determinant (%) (n = 210) | |
---|---|---|
Antimicrobial agents | ||
AMP | 0 (0) | |
IPM | 0 (0) | |
GEN-HLR | 24 (11.4) | |
VAN | 0 (0) | |
TEC | 0 (0) | |
ERY | 179 (85.2) | |
TET | 125 (59.5) | |
MIN | 17 (8.1) | |
NIT | 22 (10.5) | |
FOF | 0 (0) | |
LVX | 96 (45.7) | |
LZD | 5 4 (2.4) | |
Resistance gene/determinant | ||
(Aminoglycoside) | aac(6′)-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia | 46 (21.9) |
aph(3′)-IIIa | 73 (34.8) | |
ant(6)-Ia | 18 (8.6) | |
ant(9)-Ia | 8 (3.8) | |
(Macrolide) | erm(A) | 1 (0.5) |
erm(B) | 204 (97.1) | |
(Tetracycline) | tet(L) | 80 (38.1) |
tet(M) | 128 (61.0) | |
(Oxazolidinone) | fexA-optrA | 5 (2.4) |
(QRDR 3 mutation) | GyrA: S 84 I and ParC: S 82 I | 93 (44.3) |
GyrA: S 84 I | 3 (1.4) |
Isolate ID | Age/Sex of Patient | Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern 1 | Drug Resistance Genes 2 | MIC (μg/mL) of GEN | IS256 Flanking Pattern (aac-(6′)-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia) | MIC (μg/mL) of LVX | QRDR Mutation 3 | Sequence Type 4 (MLST) | Clonal Complex (CC), ST Variant | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GyrA | ParC | |||||||||
SJ5 | 70/M | ERY, GEN-HLR, KAN, LVX, TET, NIT | aac(6′)-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia, aph(3′)-IIIa, ant(6)-Ia, erm(B), tet(M) | >1024 | A | 64 | S 84 I | S 82 I | ST28 | CC28 |
SJ42 | 3/F | ERY, GEN-HLR, KAN, LVX, TET, NIT | aac(6′)-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia, aph(3′)-IIIa, ant(6)-Ia, erm(B), tet(M) | >1024 | A | 64 | S 84 I | S 82 I | ST28 | CC28 |
SJ94 | 45/M | ERY, GEN-HLR, LVX, TET | aac(6′)-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia, ant(6)-Ia, erm(B), tet(M) | >1024 | A | 32 | S 84 I | S 82 I | ST28 | CC28 |
SJ32 | 30/F | ERY, GEN-HLR, KAN, LVX, TET, NIT | aac(6′)-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia, aph(3′)-IIIa, erm(B), tet(M) | >1024 | A | 128 | S 84 I | S 82 I | ST28 | CC28 |
SJ238 | 38/M | ERY, GEN-HLR, LVX, TET, KAN | aac(6′)-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia, aph(3′)-IIIa, erm(B), tet(L), tet(M) | >1024 | A | 32 | S 84 I | S 82 I | ST946 | CC116 |
SJ125 | 40/M | ERY, GEN-HLR, LVX, TET, MIN, KAN | aac(6′)-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia, aph(3′)-IIIa, ant(6)-Ia, ant(9)-Ia, erm(A), erm(B), tet(L), tet(M) | >1024 | A | 32 | S 84 I | S 82 I | ST6 | CC6 |
SJ204 | 3.5/F | ERY, GEN-HLR, KAN, LVX, TET, NIT | aac(6′)-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia, aph(3′)-IIIa, ant(6)-Ia, erm(B), tet(M) | >1024 | A | 32 | S 84 I | S 82 I | ST6 | CC6 |
SJ40 | 5/F | ERY, GEN-HLR, LVX, TET, MIN, NIT | aac(6′)-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia, erm(B), tet(M) | >1024 | A | 64 | S 84 I | S 82 I | ST6 | CC6 |
SJ127 | 18/M | ERY, GEN-HLR, KAN, LVX, TET, MIN, NIT | aac(6′)-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia, aph(3′)-IIIa, ant(6)-Ia, erm(B), tet(M) | >1024 | A | 32 | S 84 I | S 82 I | ST6 | CC6 |
SJ208 | 20/F | ERY, GEN-HLR, KAN, TET, NIT | aac(6′)-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia, aph(3′)-IIIa, ant(6)-Ia, erm(B), tet(M) | >1024 | B | < 2 | NM | NM | ST363 | CC16 |
SJ207 | 55/M | ERY, GEN-HLR, KAN, LVX, TET | aac(6′)-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia, aph(3′)-IIIa, erm(B), tet(L), tet (M) | >1024 | B | 64 | S 84 I | S 82 I | ST28 | CC28 |
SJ3 | 40/F | ERY, GEN-HLR, KAN, LVX, TET | aac(6′)-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia, aph(3′)-IIIa, ant(6)-Ia, erm(B), tet(M) | >1024 | B | 128 | S 84 I | S 82 I | ST28 | CC28 |
SJ10 | 2/M | ERY, GEN-HLR, KAN, LVX, TET, NIT | aac(6′)-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia, aph(3′)-IIIa, ant(6)-Ia, erm(B), tet(M) | >1024 | B | 64 | S 84 I | S 82 I | ST6 | CC6 |
SJ8 | 47/F | ERY, GEN-HLR, KAN, LVX, TET, NIT | aac(6′)-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia, aph(3′)-IIIa, ant(6)-Ia, erm(B), tet(M) | >1024 | B | 128 | S 84 I | S 82 I | ST28 | CC28 |
SJ11 | 22/F | ERY, GEN-HLR, KAN, LVX, TET, NIT | aac(6′)-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia, aph(3′)-IIIa, ant(6)-Ia, erm(B), tet(M) | >1024 | B | 64 | S 84 I | S 82 I | ST965 * | ST919 SLV |
SJ13 | 2/M | ERY, GEN-HLR, KAN, LVX, TET | aac(6′)-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia, aph(3′)-IIIa, ant(6)-Ia, erm(B), tet(M) | >1024 | B | 64 | S 84 I | S 82 I | ST966 * | CC28 |
SJ38 | 5/F | ERY, GEN-HLR, KAN, LVX, TET, MIN | aac(6′)-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia, aph(3′)-IIIa, ant(6)-Ia, erm(B), tet(L), tet(M) | >1024 | C | 16 | S 84 I | S 82 I | ST28 | CC28 |
SJ77 | 65/M | TET | aac(6′)-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia, erm(B), tet(L), tet(M) | 64 | C | < 2 | NM | NM | ST947 * | CC116 |
SJ92 | 33/F | ERY, KAN, LVX, TET | aac(6′)-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia, aph(3′)-IIIa, erm(B), tet(L), tet(M) | 4 | C | 16 | S 84 I | S 82 I | ST947 * | CC116 |
SJ95 | 50/M | ERY, GEN-HLR, KAN, LVX, TET | aac(6′)-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia, aph(3′)-IIIa, erm(B), tet(L), tet(M) | >1024 | C | 32 | S 84 I | S 82 I | ST947 * | CC116 |
SJ96 | 32/F | ERY, GEN-HLR, KAN, LVX, TET, MIN | aac(6′)-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia, aph(3′)-IIIa, erm(B), tet(L), tet(M) | >1024 | C | 16 | S 84 I | S 82 I | ST947 * | CC116 |
SJ128 | 28/F | ERY, TET | aac(6′)-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia, erm(B), tet(M) | 128 | D | < 2 | NM | NM | ST16 | CC16 |
SJ132 | 30/F | ERY, TET | aac(6′)-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia, erm(B), tet(M) | 128 | D | < 2 | NM | NM | ST16 | CC16 |
SJ134 | 30/M | ERY, TET | aac(6′)-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia, erm(B), tet(M) | 64 | D | < 2 | NM | NM | ST16 | CC16 |
SJ31 | 1/F | ERY, GEN-HLR, KAN, LVX, TET | aac(6′)-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia, aph(3′)-IIIa, ant(6)-Ia, erm(B), tet(M) | >1024 | D | 32 | S 84 I | NM | ST415 | CC941 |
SJ81 | 40/M | ERY, LVX, TET | aac(6′)-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia, erm(B), tet(M) | 32 | D | < 2 | NM | NM | ST16 | CC16 |
SJ126 | 30/F | ERY, LVX, TET | aac(6′)-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia, erm(B), tet(M) | 128 | D | < 2 | NM | NM | ST818 | CC16 |
SJ218 | 11/F | LVX, TET, MIN | ant(9)-Ia, erm(B), erm(B), tet(L), tet(M) | 8 | 16 | S 84 I | NM | ST945 * | CC28 | |
SJ71 | 7/F | ERY, KAN, TET, MIN | aph(3′)-IIIa, ant(9)-Ia, erm(B), tet(L), tet(M) | 8 | < 2 | NM | NM | ST21 | CC21 | |
SJ28 | 55/F | ERY, KAN, LVX, TET | aph(3′)-IIIa, ant(6)-Ia, erm(B), tet(M) | 16 | 64 | S 84 I | S 82 I | ST28 | CC28 | |
SJ69 | 27/F | ERY, KAN, TET | aph(3′)-IIIa, ant(9)-Ia, erm(B), tet(M) | 8 | < 2 | NM | NM | ST506 | CC100 | |
SJ80 | 50/M | ERY | erm(B) | 8 | < 2 | NM | NM | ST919 * | ST28 TLV | |
SJ148 | 33/F | ERY | erm(B), tet(L) | 4 | < 2 | NM | NM | ST919 * | ST28 TLV | |
SJ52 | 24/F | ERY, TET | erm(B), tet(L), tet(M) | 2 | < 2 | NM | NM | ST919 * | ST28 TLV | |
SJ87 | 20/M | ERY, KAN, LVX, TET, NIT, LZD | aph(3′)-IIIa, ant(9)-Ia, erm(B), tet(L), tet(M), fexA-optrA | 8 | 8 | S 84 I | S 82 I | ST59 | CC59 | |
SJ88 | 18/M | ERY, KAN, LVX, TET, MIN, NIT, LZD | aph(3′)-IIIa, ant(9)-Ia, erm(B), tet(L), tet(M), fexA-optrA | 4 | 8 | S 84 I | S 82 I | ST59 | CC59 | |
SJ82 | 25/F | ERY, KAN, TET, MIN, NIT, LZD | aph(3′)-IIIa, ant(9)-Ia, erm(B), tet(L), tet(M), fexA-optrA | 8 | < 2 | NM | NM | ST902 | ST21 TLV | |
SJ117 | 50/M | ERY, KAN, TET, MIN, NIT, LZD | aph(3′)-IIIa, ant(9)-Ia, erm(B), tet(L), tet(M), fexA-optrA | 4 | < 2 | NM | NM | ST902 | ST21 TLV | |
SJ116 | 28/F | ERY, KAN, LVX, TET, MIN, NIT, LZD, DAP | aph(3′)-IIIa, ant(9)-Ia, erm(B), tet(L), tet(M), fexA-optrA | 8 | 8 | S 84 I | S 82 I | ST917 * | CC59 |
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Roy, S.; Aung, M.S.; Paul, S.K.; Ahmed, S.; Haque, N.; Khan, E.R.; Barman, T.K.; Islam, A.; Abedin, S.; Sultana, C.; et al. Drug Resistance Determinants in Clinical Isolates of Enterococcus faecalis in Bangladesh: Identification of Oxazolidinone Resistance Gene optrA in ST59 and ST902 Lineages. Microorganisms 2020, 8, 1240. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8081240
Roy S, Aung MS, Paul SK, Ahmed S, Haque N, Khan ER, Barman TK, Islam A, Abedin S, Sultana C, et al. Drug Resistance Determinants in Clinical Isolates of Enterococcus faecalis in Bangladesh: Identification of Oxazolidinone Resistance Gene optrA in ST59 and ST902 Lineages. Microorganisms. 2020; 8(8):1240. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8081240
Chicago/Turabian StyleRoy, Sangjukta, Meiji Soe Aung, Shyamal Kumar Paul, Salma Ahmed, Nazia Haque, Emily Rahman Khan, Tridip Kanti Barman, Arup Islam, Sahida Abedin, Chand Sultana, and et al. 2020. "Drug Resistance Determinants in Clinical Isolates of Enterococcus faecalis in Bangladesh: Identification of Oxazolidinone Resistance Gene optrA in ST59 and ST902 Lineages" Microorganisms 8, no. 8: 1240. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8081240