Melipona scutellaris Geopropolis: Chemical Composition and Bioactivity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents
2.2. Palynological Analysis
2.3. Physico-Chemical Analysis
2.4. Preparation of Ethanolic Extracts
2.5. Quantification of Total Phenols and Flavonoid Content
- (a)
- Determination of total phenols
- (b)
- Determination of total flavonoid content
2.6. Antioxidant Activity
- (a)
- Scavenging of DPPH radicals
- (b)
- Reducing power
- (c)
- Discoloration of β-carotene/linoleic acid
2.7. Anti-Inflammatory Activity
2.8. Antimicrobial Activity
2.9. Antimutagenic Activity
2.10. Inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase
2.11. Identification and Quantification of Compounds
3. Results
3.1. Palynological Analysis
3.2. Physicochemical Analysis
3.3. Determination of Phenols
3.4. Biological Activities
3.4.1. Antioxidant Capacity
3.4.2. Anti-Inflammatory Activity
3.4.3. Inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase
3.4.4. Antimicrobial Activity
3.4.5. Antimutagenic Activity
4. Discussion
4.1. Palynological Analysis
4.2. Physicochemical Analysis
4.3. Quantification of Phenolic Compounds
4.4. Antioxidant Activity
4.5. Anti-Inflammatory Activity
4.6. Inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase
4.7. Antimicrobial Activity
4.8. Antimutagenic Activity
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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ASamples | pH | Conductivity (mS/cm) | Moisture (%) | Ash (%) | Waxes (%) | Phenolic Compounds (%) | Flavonoid Compounds (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rainy geopropolis (summer) * | 4.110 ± 0.060 a | 36.000 ± 0.000 a | 2.630 ± 0.070 a | 76.130 ± 0.860 a | 3.370 ± 0.290 a | 25.130 ± 0.140 a | 3.920 ± 0.090 a |
Dry geopropolis (winter) * | 4.200 ± 0.040 a | 34.000 ± 0.820 b | 2.660 ± 0.020 a | 76.340 ± 0.070 a | 3.170 ± 0.720 a | 19.30 ± 0.150 b | 2.090 ± 0.370 b |
Compound | Retention Time (min) | Rainy Geopropolis | Dry Geopropolis |
---|---|---|---|
gallic acid | 7.14 | 5.820 | 5.840 |
protocatechuic acid | 12.74 | 2.530 | 2.460 |
Catechin | 18.30 | 8.390 | 2.640 |
vanillic acid | 22.79 | 2.430 | ND |
caffeic acid | 24.40 | ND | ND |
Epicatechin | 25.38 | 1.720 | 1.320 |
p-coumaric acid | 31.48 | <LOQ | <LOD |
ferulic acid | 34.38 | ND | ND |
Naringin | 42.17 | 45.390 | 29.870 |
Rutin | 45.56 | ND | ND |
cinnamic acid | 49.71 | 2.540 | <LOD |
Naringenin | 55.25 | 2.110 | <LOQ |
Quercetin | 54.07 | ND | ND |
Scavenging of DPPH Radicals—IC50 (mg/mL) | Reducing Power—IC50 (mg/mL) | β-Carotene/Linoleic Acid (%) | Hyaluronidase (30 mg/mL) (%) | Acetylcholinesterase—IC50 (µg/mL) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rainy Geopropolis * | 0.058 ± 0.005 a | 0.310 ± 0.008 a | 89.52 ± 0.57 a | 30.95 ± 1.28 a | 0.28 ± 0.01 b |
Dry Geopropolis * | 0.064 ± 0.004 a | 0.220 ± 0.001 b | 75.54 ± 1.10 b | 26.62 ± 0.90 b | 0.354 ± 0.006 a |
Ascorbic acid | 0.015 ± 0.001 | 0.074 ± 0.013 | - | - | - |
BHA | - | - | 92.450 ± 0.001 | - | |
Eserine | 0.005 ± 0.001 |
Microorganisms | Rainy Geopropolis (mg/mL) | Dry Geopropolis (mg/mL) | Gentamicin (mg/mL) | Amphoterecin (mg/mL) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | |||
Gram-positive bacteria | ||||||
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 4330 | 0.05 ± 0.12 | 2.01 ± 0.07 | 0.10 ± 0.02 | 1.25 ± 0.06 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | * |
Staphylococcus aureus ESA 321 | 0.05 ± 0.02 | 2.25 ± 0.01 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 1.75 ± 0.01 | 0.13 ± 0.02 | * |
Gram-negative bacteria | ||||||
Proteus mirabilis ATCC 25933 | 1.00 ± 0.03 | 1.50 ± 0.03 | 0.50 ± 0.15 | 1.34 ± 0.04 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | * |
Proteus mirabilis ESA 229 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 1.76 ± 0.07 | 0.10 ± 0.05 | 1.12 ± 0.01 | 0.005 ± 0.001 | * |
Fungi | ||||||
Candida albicans ATCC 10231 | 1.35 ± 0.01 | 5.01 ± 0.17 | 2.5 ± 0.04 | 5.00 ± 0.06 | * | 0.002 ± 0.001 |
Candida albicans ESA 115 | 2.50 ± 0.11 | 5.22 ± 0.02 | 5.00 ± 0.01 | 5.00 ± 0.04 | * | 0.021 ± 0.008 |
Sample | Treatment | Survivals (%) | Gene Conversion Colonies/105 | Mutant Colonies/106 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
[Extract] (mg/mL) | EMS (mg/mL) | ||||
Dry geopropolis | 0 | 5.0 | 88.18 ± 1.60 | 51.55 ± 0.60 a | 380.56 ± 7.67 |
2.5 | 5.0 | 36.24 ± 2.72 | 37.33 ± 1.27 b | 323.07 ± 1.36 | |
5.0 | 5.0 | 28.84 ± 2.19 | 31.07 ± 0.98 c | 302.58 ± 3.43 | |
Rainy geopropolis | 0 | 5.0 | 88.59 ± 1.71 | 51.34 ± 0.63 d | 404.04 ± 9.46 |
2.5 | 5.0 | 30.64 ± 2.38 | 43.82 ± 3.95 e | 354.95 ± 17.78 | |
5.0 | 5.0 | 23.01 ± 2.05 | 37.21 ± 1.87 f | 311.88 ± 1.52 |
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Coutinho, S.; Matos, V.; Seixas, N.; Rodrigues, H.; Paula, V.B.; Freitas, L.; Dias, T.; Santos, F.d.A.R.; Dias, L.G.; Estevinho, L.M. Melipona scutellaris Geopropolis: Chemical Composition and Bioactivity. Microorganisms 2023, 11, 2779. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11112779
Coutinho S, Matos V, Seixas N, Rodrigues H, Paula VB, Freitas L, Dias T, Santos FdAR, Dias LG, Estevinho LM. Melipona scutellaris Geopropolis: Chemical Composition and Bioactivity. Microorganisms. 2023; 11(11):2779. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11112779
Chicago/Turabian StyleCoutinho, Sónia, Vanessa Matos, Natália Seixas, Hellen Rodrigues, Vanessa B. Paula, Lais Freitas, Teresa Dias, Francisco de Assis Ribeiro Santos, Luís G. Dias, and Letícia M. Estevinho. 2023. "Melipona scutellaris Geopropolis: Chemical Composition and Bioactivity" Microorganisms 11, no. 11: 2779. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11112779