Segregation, Stereotypes, and STEM
Abstract
:1. Why are STEM Fields so Segregated?
1.1. Micro-Level Explanations
Personality traits and predispositions are not identical in individuals, but they are also not well captured by the binary system of gender … We aren’t blank slates, but we also aren’t pink and blue notepads
1.2. Macro-Level Explanations
1.3. Micro-Macro Interactions: Cultural Stereotypes into Aspirations
2. Stereotypes about Men, Women, and STEM Workers, Work, and Workplaces
2.1. Descriptive and Prescriptive Gender Stereotypes
2.2. Stereotype Content and Inequality in STEM
3. Policy Implications
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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1 | Even within engineering women and men tend to do different work: about 10% of mechanical and electrical engineers are women, compared to 20% of civil engineers (ibid.). |
2 | For a more general review of the literature on occupational gender segregation, see Wong and Charles (2018). |
3 | Employer discrimination also figures prominently in queuing theory, which holds that modern labor markets are built around two queues: a labor queue in which employers rank the desirability of employees, and a job queue in which workers rank the attractiveness of jobs (Reskin and Roos 1990). Because women are systematically ranked below men in the labor queue, they are overrepresented in the least attractive jobs. |
4 | Many expanding industries (e.g., in childcare, health, elementary teaching) produce services that are symbolically or functionally linked to women’s domestic work, and high labor demand has led some employers to reorganize these jobs to appeal to married women—for example, through part-time scheduling (Oppenheimer 1973; Goldin 1990; Charles and Grusky 2004). |
5 | Other organizational characteristics that have been linked to occupational gender segregation include firm size, personnel policies and practices, skill requirements, opportunities for team work, unionization rates, women’s presence in management, and workplace traditions (Bielby and Baron 1986; Baron et al. 1991; Reskin and McBrier 2000; Smith-Doerr 2004). |
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Thébaud, S.; Charles, M. Segregation, Stereotypes, and STEM. Soc. Sci. 2018, 7, 111. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci7070111
Thébaud S, Charles M. Segregation, Stereotypes, and STEM. Social Sciences. 2018; 7(7):111. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci7070111
Chicago/Turabian StyleThébaud, Sarah, and Maria Charles. 2018. "Segregation, Stereotypes, and STEM" Social Sciences 7, no. 7: 111. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci7070111