Corrosion Behaviour of L80 Steel Grade in Geothermal Power Plants in Switzerland
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Corrosion in Binary Geothermal Power Plants
1.2. Representative Swiss Geothermal Fluids
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Synthetic Geothermal Fluids
2.2. Materials
2.3. Experimental Procedures
2.3.1. Electrochemical Measurements at High Temperature and Pressure
2.3.2. Gravimetric Experiments
2.3.3. Analysis Post-Exposure
3. Results
3.1. pH Evolution
3.2. Open Circuit Potential (OCP) Evolution
3.3. Corrosion Rates
3.4. Surface and Fluid Analyses
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fluid | pH | Temp () | Ca2+ | Mg2+ | Na+ | K+ | HCO– | SO2– | Cl– |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 6.50 | 25.8 | 260.0 | 45.6 | 856.0 | 35.0 | 1423.0 | 950.0 | 556.0 |
2 | 6.78 | 30.7 | 88.0 | 21.0 | 2712.0 | 168.0 | 891.0 | 793.0 | 3555.0 |
3 | 7.93 | 34.9 | 34.1 | 3.0 | 363.5 | 24.2 | 366.0 | 532.0 | 73.1 |
4 | 8.2 | 57 | 5.5 | 0.4 | 172.1 | 4.6 | 281.0 | 64.0 | 27.0 |
5 | 8.25 | 31.3 | 8.5 | 0.2 | 395.4 | 8.3 | 372.0 | 339.0 | 142.0 |
6 | 8.8 | 47 | 6.0 | 0.7 | 172.1 | 3.8 | 267.0 | 71.0 | 25.0 |
Fluid | pH | Ca2+ | Mg2+ | Na+ | K+ | HCO– | SO2– | Cl– |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | 8.4–9.0 | 10.0 | - | 282.8 | - | 399.8 | 300.0 | - |
B | 6.5–7.4 | 250.0 | 45.0 | 747.0 | 35.0 | 1400.0 | 900.0 | 600.0 |
Steel Sample | wt.% (and Fe bal.) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Composition | C | Si | Mn | Cr | Mo | S | P | Ni | Cu | Al | V |
L80 Type 1 | 0.25 | 0.19 | 1.02 | 0.45 | 0.16 | 0.004 | 0.014 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.003 |
Temperature | Fluid | Corrosion Rate (μm/year) | |
---|---|---|---|
Gravimetric Tests (720 h) | Electrochemical Tests (120 h) | ||
100 | A | 92 ± 22 | 48 ± 11 |
B | 245 ± 43 | 308 ± 136 | |
200 | A | - | 19 ± 1 |
B | - | 52 ± 14 |
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Vallejo Vitaller, A.; Angst, U.M.; Elsener, B. Corrosion Behaviour of L80 Steel Grade in Geothermal Power Plants in Switzerland. Metals 2019, 9, 331. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9030331
Vallejo Vitaller A, Angst UM, Elsener B. Corrosion Behaviour of L80 Steel Grade in Geothermal Power Plants in Switzerland. Metals. 2019; 9(3):331. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9030331
Chicago/Turabian StyleVallejo Vitaller, Ana, Ueli M. Angst, and Bernhard Elsener. 2019. "Corrosion Behaviour of L80 Steel Grade in Geothermal Power Plants in Switzerland" Metals 9, no. 3: 331. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9030331