Formation of SUS304/Aluminum Alloys Using Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Materials and Fabrication Process
2.2. Material Characterization
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Quality of Fabrication and Phase Characterization
3.2. Microstructure
3.3. Electrochemical Corrosion
3.4. Micro Hardness
3.5. Tensile Properties
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- Columnar grains begin to grow from the area near the fusion line and transforms into equiaxed grains at the top of the buildup wall, and the grain size decreases with increasing travel speed.
- (2)
- The specimen deposited using pulse current shows the better resistance to electrochemical corrosion.
- (3)
- The hardness of the cladding layer is significantly greater than that of the base metal, which is related to the formation of intermetallic compounds, such as Al1.1Ni0.9.
- (4)
- This manufacturing method has little effect on the tensile strength of the material. The elongation in the Y direction and Z direction reach 10.25% and 9.94%, respectively.
- (5)
- The best parameters for fabricating SUS 304/AA 4043 alloy with WAAM are constant current of 150 A and scanning speed of 0.3 m/min.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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wt.% | C | Mn | P | S | Si | Cr | Ni | Cu | Al | Fe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SUS 304 | ≤0.08 | ≤2.0 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.03 | ≤1.00 | ≤18.0 | ≤8.0 | - | - | Balance |
AA 4043 | - | ≤0.05 | - | - | ≤6.0 | - | - | ≤0.3 | Balance | ≤0.8 |
Low carbon steel | ≤0.22 | ≤1.4 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.05 | ≤0.35 | - | - | - | Balance | - |
Number | Wire Feed Speed (mm/s−1) | Current Type | Welding Speed (m/min−1) | Arc Length (mm) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SUS 304 | AA 4043 | ||||
1 | 10 | 10 | PC | 0.2 | 5 |
2 | 10 | 10 | PC | 0.3 | 5 |
3 | 10 | 10 | PC | 0.4 | 5 |
4 | 10 | 10 | CC | 0.2 | 5 |
5 | 10 | 10 | CC | 0.3 | 5 |
6 | 10 | 10 | CC | 0.4 | 5 |
wt.% | I | II | III | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Base Metal | Fused Layer | Base Metal | Fused Layer | Base Metal | Fused Layer | |
Cr | 1.86 | 13.91 | 2.09 | 8.92 | 1.65 | 10.14 |
Ni | 0.93 | 3.37 | 1.16 | 2.64 | 0.94 | 3.17 |
Fe | 94.12 | 58.96 | 93.46 | 59.17 | 94.16 | 60.65 |
Al | 1.47 | 21.16 | 1.64 | 26.41 | 1.61 | 23.33 |
C | 0.63 | 0.51 | 0.67 | 0.54 | 0.60 | 0.50 |
Si | 0.99 | 2.09 | 0.98 | 2.32 | 1.04 | 2.21 |
Samples | Grain Size (μm) | |
---|---|---|
Equiaxed Grains | Columnar Grains | |
I | 239.1 | 267.8 |
II | 114.8 | 105.5 |
III | 192 | 256.7 |
Number | Tensile Direction | Y direction | Z direction |
---|---|---|---|
I | Ultimate tensile strength (MPa) | 488 ± 21 | 458 ± 15 |
0.2% yield strength (MPa) | 440 ± 12 | 392 ± 10 | |
Elongation (%) | 10.2 ± 0.1 | 9.9 ± 0.1 | |
II | Ultimate tensile strength (MPa) | 515 ± 15 | 485 ± 14 |
0.2% yield strength (MPa) | 465 ± 11 | 429 ± 9 | |
Elongation (%) | 9.9 ± 0.2 | 9.4 ± 0.1 | |
III | Ultimate tensile strength (MPa) | 503 ± 14 | 470 ± 12 |
0.2% yield strength (MPa) | 453 ± 10 | 405 ± 9 | |
Elongation (%) | 10.0 ± 0.1 | 9.5 ± 0.1 |
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Hao, Z.; Ao, S.; Cai, Y.; Zhang, W.; Luo, Z. Formation of SUS304/Aluminum Alloys Using Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing. Metals 2018, 8, 595. https://doi.org/10.3390/met8080595
Hao Z, Ao S, Cai Y, Zhang W, Luo Z. Formation of SUS304/Aluminum Alloys Using Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing. Metals. 2018; 8(8):595. https://doi.org/10.3390/met8080595
Chicago/Turabian StyleHao, Zhizhuang, Sansan Ao, Yangchuan Cai, Wei Zhang, and Zhen Luo. 2018. "Formation of SUS304/Aluminum Alloys Using Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing" Metals 8, no. 8: 595. https://doi.org/10.3390/met8080595