Thermal Mechanical Processing of Press and Sinter Al-Cu-Mg-Sn-(AlN) Metal Matrix Composite Materials
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Densification
3.2. Microstructural Transitions
3.3. Flow Curves
4. Discussion
4.1. Porosity
4.2. Hot Ductility
4.3. Flow Behavior
4.4. Constituent Analysis
5. Conclusions
- The density of all materials invariably increased through TMP. However, temperature and strain rate did not influence final density values significantly. Samples that were sintered to near-theoretical density (>99.0%), including Base, 2C, and 2F alloys, were forged to essentially full density (>99.9%). Samples with an inferior sintered density did not reach their respective full density values.
- Samples deformed at 500 °C were susceptible to cracking. Deformation facilitated in-situ heating beyond the targeted temperature under select circumstances that led to crack growth along prior particle boundaries. The lower sintered density of MMC 5F also appeared to be influential.
- Static and dynamic precipitation were exhibited throughout the deformation conditions considered. The effects of DPN were evident below the solvus, especially at the lowest deformation temperature. Temperatures of 450 °C and higher exhibited evidence of precipitate dissolution, encouraging lower flow stresses.
- The implementation of isothermal holds confirmed the occurrence of precipitation events. Increased isothermal hold time allowed for precipitate coarsening and an associate reduction in flow stress. At 450 °C, near-equilibrium flow stresses were approached within 15 s. At 350 °C, slower kinetics were apparent and softening occurred with 150 s isothermal hold prior to deformation.
- Additions of AlN that negatively impacted sintered density also decreased flow stress. This effect was most acute when AlN-F additions were employed.
- Zener-Hollomon analyses using a sinh approach enabled the peak flow stress characteristics of BASE, 2C, 5C, 2F, and 5F systems to be mapped. The results were effectively identical for all systems except the 5F formulation wherein a clear difference emerged.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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ELEMENT | TYPE | PARTICLE SIZE (μM) (D10, D50, D90) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Aluminum | Elemental | 37 | 99 | 250 |
Copper | 50:50 Al:Cu Master Alloy | 5 | 16 | 45 |
Magnesium | Elemental | 28 | 32 | 48 |
Tin | Elemental | 5 | 12 | 34 |
Condition | Material | fLAGB |
---|---|---|
As-Sintered | Base 2C 5C | 0.02 0.06 0.04 |
Sintered + TMP | Base 2C 5C | 0.18 0.18 0.24 |
TMP Condition (Temperature, Strain Rate) | Fractured Samples | Over-temperature (°C) |
---|---|---|
500 °C, 5 s−1 | Base, 2C, 5C, 2F, 5F | +10.3, 8.7, 10.2, 8.7, 9.2 |
500 °C, 0.5 s−1 | 5F | +1.8 |
True Strain Rate, Nominal (s−1) | TMP Temperature, Nominal (°C) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Composition | 350 | 400 | 450 | 500 | |
Base | 5.000 | 175.8 | 131.4 | 100.2 | 69.6 |
2C | 173.5 | 130.7 | 93.2 | 68.7 | |
5C | 176.6 | 131.0 | 101.1 | 71.0 | |
2F | 169.3 | 129.8 | 100.3 | 70.5 | |
5F | 158.0 | 113.2 | 83.9 | 58.5 | |
Base | 0.500 | 147.2 | 100.8 | 72.8 | 45.1 |
2C | 151.8 | 100.9 | 70.3 | 44.1 | |
5C | 148.3 | 100.7 | 66.6 | 45.1 | |
2F | 153.6 | 100.7 | 69.2 | 45.5 | |
5F | 130.5 | 96.3 | 60.8 | 40.5 | |
Base | 0.050 | 125.3 | 78.7 | 48.7 | 30.6 |
2C | 123.4 | 81.9 | 52.8 | 33.3 | |
5C | 121.7 | 81.3 | 54.3 | 31.5 | |
2F | 124.9 | 76.3 | 50.5 | 32.1 | |
5F | 111.6 | 70.2 | 45.1 | 27.0 | |
Base | 0.005 | 98.4 | 63.5 | 42.3 | 21.9 |
2C | 94.4 | 62.3 | 36.2 | 23.6 | |
5C | 99.4 | 65.2 | 38.7 | 22.6 | |
2F | 102.4 | 63.7 | 32.9 | 21.7 | |
5F | 89.1 | 57.9 | 31.9 | 21.0 |
α (MPa−1) | n | S | QHW (kJ/mol) | ln(A) (s−1) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BASE | 0.016 | 5.4 | 2619 | 272 | 42.5 |
2C | 0.016 | 5.6 | 2622 | 279 | 43.7 |
5C | 0.016 | 5.5 | 2649 | 277 | 43.5 |
2F | 0.016 | 5.4 | 2626 | 271 | 42.6 |
5F | 0.016 | 6.0 | 2543 | 292 | 46.8 |
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Sweet, G.A.W.; Wells, M.A.; Taylor, A.; Hexemer, R.L.; Donaldson, I.W.; Bishop, D.P. Thermal Mechanical Processing of Press and Sinter Al-Cu-Mg-Sn-(AlN) Metal Matrix Composite Materials. Metals 2018, 8, 480. https://doi.org/10.3390/met8070480
Sweet GAW, Wells MA, Taylor A, Hexemer RL, Donaldson IW, Bishop DP. Thermal Mechanical Processing of Press and Sinter Al-Cu-Mg-Sn-(AlN) Metal Matrix Composite Materials. Metals. 2018; 8(7):480. https://doi.org/10.3390/met8070480
Chicago/Turabian StyleSweet, Gregory A. W., Mary A. Wells, Alan Taylor, Richard L. Hexemer, Ian W. Donaldson, and Donald Paul Bishop. 2018. "Thermal Mechanical Processing of Press and Sinter Al-Cu-Mg-Sn-(AlN) Metal Matrix Composite Materials" Metals 8, no. 7: 480. https://doi.org/10.3390/met8070480