Mechanical Alloying as an Effective Way to Achieve Superior Properties of Fe–Co–Ni Binder Alloy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Mechanical Alloying of the Fe–Co–Ni Powder Mixture
3.2. Structure and Mechanical Properties of the Hot-Pressed Fe–Co–Ni Samples
3.3. Results of Wear Tests
4. Conclusions
- The features of the phase and structure formation during mechanical alloying of Fe–Co–Ni powder mixtures were studied. A supersaturated solid solution based on α–Fe could be prepared after MA for ≥15 min.
- The structure and the phase composition of a powder mixture were shown to significantly affect the mechanical properties of the sintered binder. The samples prepared from the MA mixtures had a 20% greater hardness (up to 108 HRB) and 55% greater ultimate bending strength (up to 2000 MPa). This effect was achieved from the following strengthening mechanisms:
- Formation of a nanocrystalline structure during MA and its retention in the compacted samples;
- Solid solution strengthening of the (α–Fe) matrix resulting from the precipitation of grains from the secondary Fe3Ni phase that were incoherent with respect to the matrix, which impedes grain recrystallization;
- High concentration of crystal lattice defects: dislocations in the (α–Fe) phase grains and twin defects in the Fe3Ni phase grains.
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Phase | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
α–Fe cI2/1 | Co hP2/1 | Ni cF4/1 | |||||||
Wt. % | Cr. Size, nm | Lattice Parameter, nm | Wt. % | Cr. Size, nm | Lattice Parameter, nm | Wt. % | Cr. Size, nm | Lattice Parameter, nm | |
Turbula | 76 | >500 | 0.2866 | 8 | - | A = 0.2507 C = 0.4078 | 16 | >500 | 0.3525 |
Mechanical alloying (MA) 5 min | 84 | 51 | 0.2865 | 3 | - | - | 13 | 75 | 0.3525 |
MA 10 min | 90 | 35 | 0.2865 | - | - | - | 10 | 30 | 0.3532 |
MA 15 min | 98 | 22 | 0.2865 | - | - | - | 2 | - | 0.3551 |
MA 20 min | 100 | 19 | 0.2866 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Sample | Porosity, % | Hardness, HRB | Ultimate Bending Strength, MPa |
---|---|---|---|
Turbula | 3.6 | 89 ± 1 | 1272 ± 6 |
MA 5 min | 3.0 | 105 ± 1 | 1731 ± 20 |
MA 10 min | 3.2 | 105 ± 1 | 1855 ± 9 |
MA 15 min | 3.3 | 107 ± 1 | 1980 ± 69 |
MA 20 min | 3.6 | 108 ± 1 | 1944 ± 57 |
Sample | Phase | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(α–Fe) cI2/1 | Ni cF4/1 | Fe3Ni cF4/1 | ||||
wt. % | a, nm | wt. % | a, nm | wt. % | a, nm | |
Turbula | 87 | 0.2867 | 13 | 0.3554 | - | - |
MA 5 min | 90 | 0.2869 | 10 | 0.3581 | - | - |
MA 10 min | 92 | 0.2866 | - | - | 8 | 0.3596 |
MA 15 min | 94 | 0.2866 | - | - | 6 | 0.3594 |
MA 20 min | 94 | 0.2866 | - | - | 6 | 0.3594 |
Turbula | Fe, wt. % | Co, wt. % | Ni, wt. % |
---|---|---|---|
Spot 1 (Figure 6) | 16 | 5 | 79 |
Spot 2 (Figure 6) | 55 | 45 | - |
Spot 3 (Figure 6) | 88 | 12 | - |
MA 15 min | |||
Spot 4 (Figure 7) | 78 | 13 | 9 |
Spot 5 (Figure 7) | 75 | 10 | 15 |
Spot 6 (Figure 7) | 75 | 10 | 15 |
Sample | (α–Fe) | (Ni)/Fe3Ni | Bulk Sample | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H, GPa | E, GPa | R, % | H, GPa | E, GPa | R, % | H, GPa | E, GPa | R, % | |
Turbula | 4.0 ± 0.2 | 241 ± 14 | 11.83 | 5.0 ± 0.3 | 260 ± 6 | 15.06 | 4.2 ± 1.0 | 244 ± 16 | 12.25 |
MA 15 min | 4.8 ± 0.3 | 225 ± 15 | 15.20 | 5.8 ± 0.4 | 231 ± 8 | 18.21 | 5.1 ± 0.6 | 227 ± 14 | 15.77 |
Sample | Wear, 10−5 mm3/N/m | Mean Friction Coefficient |
---|---|---|
Turbula | 14.6 | 0.51 |
MA 5 min | 9.8 | 0.76 |
MA 10 min | 7.0 | 0.66 |
MA 15 min | 4.5 | 0.48 |
MA 20 min | 4.6 | 0.58 |
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Loginov, P.; Sidorenko, D.; Bychkova, M.; Petrzhik, M.; Levashov, E. Mechanical Alloying as an Effective Way to Achieve Superior Properties of Fe–Co–Ni Binder Alloy. Metals 2017, 7, 570. https://doi.org/10.3390/met7120570
Loginov P, Sidorenko D, Bychkova M, Petrzhik M, Levashov E. Mechanical Alloying as an Effective Way to Achieve Superior Properties of Fe–Co–Ni Binder Alloy. Metals. 2017; 7(12):570. https://doi.org/10.3390/met7120570
Chicago/Turabian StyleLoginov, Pavel, Daria Sidorenko, Marina Bychkova, Mikhail Petrzhik, and Evgeny Levashov. 2017. "Mechanical Alloying as an Effective Way to Achieve Superior Properties of Fe–Co–Ni Binder Alloy" Metals 7, no. 12: 570. https://doi.org/10.3390/met7120570