In Vitro Analysis of the Tribological Behaviour of Different Material Combinations for Telescopic Crowns
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- The choice of the material combination for primary and secondary crown affects the pull-off forces at the beginning of the period of use.
- At the beginning of the period of use, pull-off forces for combinations of different groups of materials are smaller compared to combinations of similar or identical groups.
- Combinations of similar or identical groups of materials show a higher long-term reduction of retentive forces compared to combinations of different groups.
- Pull off forces are influenced by the secondary crowns’ manufacturing technology—the variability of pull-off forces is smaller for electroformed secondary crowns compared to casted ones.
- Wear-associated surface roughness on primary crowns’ surfaces are larger for combinations of similar or identical groups of materials compared to combinations of different groups.
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Materials
2.2. Manufacturing of the Specimens
2.3. Testing Procedures
2.4. Data Collection
2.5. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Pull-Off Forces
3.2. Surface Roughness
3.3. SEM and EDX Analyses
4. Discussion
4.1. Methodical Limitations
4.2. Influence of Material Combinations
4.3. Influence of Manufacturing Technologies
4.4. Surface Roughness
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interests
References
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Test Series | Material for | Material Combination of | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Primary Crown Material/Material Group | Secondary Crown Material/Material Group | Similar/Identical Groups of Materials | Different Groups of Materials | |
A | Degunorm®/high gold alloy | Degunorm®/high gold alloy (casted) | + | |
B | Degunorm®/high gold alloy | Remanium 2000®/non-precious metal alloy | + | |
C | Degunorm®/high gold alloy | AGC-Gold®/electroformed gold | + | |
D | Rematitan®/titanium grade 1 | Rematitan®/titanium grade 1 (casted) | + | |
E | Rematitan®/titanium grade 1 | AGC-Gold®/electroformed gold | + | |
F | IPS Empress 2®/silicate ceramics | AGC-Gold®/electroformed gold | + |
Manufacturing Technologies | High Gold Alloy | Non-Precious Metal Alloy | Titanium | Ceramics | Electroformed Gold |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
alloy or ceramics/manufacturer | Degunorm/Degudent , Hanau, D (Au-73.8; Ag-9.2; Pt-9.0; Cu-4.4; Zn-2.0; In-1.5; Ir-0.1) | Remanium 2000/Dentaurum, Ispringen/Pforzheim, D (Co-61.0; Cr-25.0; Mo-7.0; W-5.0; Si-1.5; Mn- < 1.0; N- < 1.0) | Rematitan Typ 1/Dentaurum, Ispringen/Pforzheim, D (Ti- > 99.5; Fe-0.20; O-0.12; C-0.08; N-0.05; H-0.01) | IPS Empress 2/Ivoclar-Vivadent, Schaan, FL | AGC/Wieland, Pforzheim, D (Au ≥ 99.9; Cu ≤ 0.1) |
investment material/manufacturer | Deguvest CF/Degudent, Hanau, D | Castorit Super C/Dentaurum, Ispringen/Pforzheim, D | Rematitan ultra/Dentaurum, Ispringen/Pforzheim, D | Star—Vest Soft II/Weber Dental, Lengwil, CH | - |
casting machine or oven/manufacturer | Multicast compact/Degudent, Hanau, D | Castomat/Dentaurum, Ispringen/Pforzheim, D | Rematitan—Gießanlage/Dentaurum, Ispringen/Pforzheim, D | EP 500/Ivoclar-Vivadent, Schaan, FL | AGC-Mikro/Wieland, Pforzheim, D |
manufacturing procedure | centrifugal casting | high frequency-centrifugal casting | vacuum pressure casting | pressed ceramic | electroforming |
Series | Median | Mean Value | Standard Deviation |
---|---|---|---|
A | 1.22 | 1.23 | ±0.17 |
B | 0.77 | 0.81 | ±0.20 |
C | 0.96 | 0.98 | ±0.24 |
D | 1.00 | 0.99 | ±0.20 |
E | 0.65 | 0.66 | ±0.27 |
F | 2.70 | 2.76 | ±0.87 |
Series | Pull-off Forces at the Start of the Test | Pull-off Forces at the End of the Test | Tendency |
---|---|---|---|
Median/Mean Value ± Standard Deviation | |||
A | 11.1/14.9 ± 12.8 | 3.3/4.0 ± 2.6 | −70% |
B | 10.7/11.0 ± 1.9 | 5.9/6.5 ± 2.5 | −45% |
C | 5.6/5.3 ± 1.8 | - | - |
D | 18.2/18.6 ± 6.6 | 2.1/2.4 ± 1.5 | −88% |
E | 5.9/6.1 ± 1.0 | 4.4/4.7 ± 1.5 | −25% |
F | 3.1/3.4 ± 1.1 | 2.8/2.9 ± 0.8 | −10% |
Series Comparison | Number of Test Cycles | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1000 | 2000 | 3000 | 4000 | 5000 | 6000 | 7000 | 8000 | 9000 | 10,000 | |
A/B | 0.880 ns. | 0.069 ns. | 0.290 ns. | 0.762 ns. | 0.650 ns. | 0.173 ns. | 0.112 ns. | 0.041 ns. | 0.082 ns. | 0.026 ns. |
A/D | 0.151 ns. | 0.069 ns. | 0.028 ns. | 0.019 ns. | 0.019 ns. | 0.041 ns. | 0.028 ns. | 0.096 ns. | 0.041 ns. | 0.009 ns. |
A/E | 0.545 ns. | 0.496 ns. | 0.880 ns. | 0.545 ns. | 0.762 ns. | 0.325 ns. | 0.405 ns. | 0.130 ns. | 0.290 ns. | 0.226 ns. |
A/F | 0.028 ns. | 0.059 ns. | 0.041 ns. | 0.049 ns. | 0.112 ns. | 0.173 ns. | 0.151 ns. | 0.545 ns. | 0.650 ns. | 0.325 ns. |
B/D | 0.069 ns. | 0.001 s. | 0.001 s. | 0.002 s. | 0.001 s. | 0.002 s. | 0.002 s. | 0.002 s. | 0.001 s. | 0.001 s. |
B/E | 0.151 ns. | 0.198 ns. | 0.096 ns. | 0.290 ns. | 0.307 ns. | 0.405 ns. | 0.364 ns. | 0.290 ns. | 0.198 ns. | 0.041 ns. |
B/F | 0.001 s. | 0.001 s. | 0.002 s. | 0.002 s. | 0.004 s. | 0.010 ns. | 0.004 s. | 0.004 s. | 0.010 ns. | 0.001 s. |
D/E | 0.496 ns. | 0.001 s. | 0.008 ns. | 0.002 s. | 0.001 s. | 0.001 s. | 0.001 s. | 0.001 s. | 0.002 s. | 0.001 s. |
D/F | 0.290 ns. | 0.325 ns. | 0.405 ns. | 0.449 ns. | 0.130 ns. | 0.173 ns. | 0.130 ns. | 0.151 ns. | 0.059 ns. | 0.034 ns. |
E/F | 0.004 s. | 0.006 ns. | 0.006 ns. | 0.002 s. | 0.002 s. | 0.001 s. | 0.002 s. | 0.001 s. | 0.013 ns. | 0.001 s. |
Series | Median | Mean Value | Standard Deviation |
---|---|---|---|
A | 11.50 | 11.79 | ±2.53 |
B | 4.17 | 4.26 | ±1.50 |
C | 19.80 | 22.93 | ±13.98 |
D | 11.65 | 11.24 | ±2.49 |
E | 3.19 | 6.61 | ±6.27 |
F | 6.75 | 6.51 | ±2.02 |
Series | A | B | C | D | E | F |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | <0.001 s. | 0.023 ns. | 0.571 ns. | 0.013 ns. | 0.001 s. | |
B | 0.001 s. | <0.001 s. | 0.597 ns. | 0.019 ns. | ||
C | 0.019 ns. | 0.002 s. | 0.004 ns. | |||
D | 0.016 ns. | 0.002 s. | ||||
E | 0.197 ns. | |||||
F |
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Linek, W.; Richter, G.; Raedel, M.; Walter, M.; Reitemeier, B. In Vitro Analysis of the Tribological Behaviour of Different Material Combinations for Telescopic Crowns. Metals 2016, 6, 149. https://doi.org/10.3390/met6070149
Linek W, Richter G, Raedel M, Walter M, Reitemeier B. In Vitro Analysis of the Tribological Behaviour of Different Material Combinations for Telescopic Crowns. Metals. 2016; 6(7):149. https://doi.org/10.3390/met6070149
Chicago/Turabian StyleLinek, Wigbert, Gert Richter, Michael Raedel, Michael Walter, and Bernd Reitemeier. 2016. "In Vitro Analysis of the Tribological Behaviour of Different Material Combinations for Telescopic Crowns" Metals 6, no. 7: 149. https://doi.org/10.3390/met6070149