Flexural Behavior of Stainless Steel V-Stiffened Lipped Channel Beams
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Establishment of the Experimental Study
2.1. Design of the Specimens
2.2. Material Properties
2.3. Initial Imperfections
2.4. Loading Device
2.5. Arrangement of Measuring Points
2.6. Test Procedure
3. Test Results and Analysis
3.1. Failure Mode
3.2. Flexural Capacity
3.3. Load-Span Displacement Curve
3.4. Load-Span Longitudinal Strain Curve
4. Numerical Analysis
4.1. Finite Element Model
4.2. Material Properties and Initial Geometric Imperfections
4.3. Verification of the Finite Element Model
5. Verification Based on Direct Strength Method
6. Conclusions
- In this study, the cross-sectional V-stiffeners improve distortional buckling while also increasing steel utilization. The flexural bearing capacity of the specimen will increase with an increase in the web heights of each specimen under the same stiffening form when the other sectional parameters are fixed. The application of the direct strength method (DSM) requires the identification of the buckling failure modes. Specifically, the V-stiffeners’ web compression zone at 1/3 height near the compressed flange and the V-stiffeners at the middle of the compressed flange can be used more effectively to increase the bending capacity of the specimen.
- The finite element simulation and experimental results show good agreement, which can provide a strong backing for the analysis of a number of finite element parameters for such V-stiffened lipped channel stainless steel bending members.
- In this study, it was found that the local–distortional interaction buckling failure mode predominated in the V-stiffened lipped channel sections. For the vast majority of the V-stiffened lipped channel sections that are currently available, these results might not be sufficient to offer a conclusive guide for using the DSM. The findings of this study, however, can be used as a starting point for recommendations regarding the application of the DSM for the design of such cross-sections.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group | Specimen | Cross-Section/mm | h /mm | b /mm | a /mm | Swb /mm | Swh /mm | Sfb /mm | Sfh /mm |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SP-1 | SP-1-A | C150 × 60 × 20 × 2.0 | 153.0 | 61.9 | 20.0 | 28.5 | 14.2 | — | — |
SP-1-B | C150 × 60 × 20 × 2.0 | 153.9 | 61.2 | 21.2 | 28.9 | 14.8 | — | — | |
SP-2 | SP-2-A | C150 × 60 × 20 × 2.0 | 152.0 | 61.0 | 21.8 | 32.8 | 15.9 | — | — |
SP-2-B | C150 × 60 × 20 × 2.0 | 153.0 | 60.8 | 21.8 | 32.9 | 16.0 | — | — | |
SP-3 | SP-3-A | C250 × 75 × 20 × 2.0 | 251.0 | 76.1 | 20.6 | 29.0 | 13.5 | — | — |
SP-3-B | C250 × 75 × 20 × 2.0 | 252.8 | 76.7 | 20.3 | 28.5 | 13.5 | — | — | |
SP-4 | SP-4-A | C300 × 90 × 20 × 2.0 | 303.2 | 91.4 | 20.5 | 29.2 | 15.9 | — | — |
SP-4-B | C300 × 90 × 20 × 2.0 | 301.9 | 91.9 | 20.4 | 28.7 | 14.4 | — | — | |
SP-5 | SP-5-A | C300 × 90 × 20 × 2.0 | 302.5 | 91.1 | 21.0 | 28.7 | 14.5 | 28.7 | 14.5 |
SP-5-B | C300 × 90 × 20 × 2.0 | 302.0 | 91.5 | 20.8 | 28.7 | 14.8 | 28.8 | 14.8 | |
SP-6 | SP-6-A | C300 × 90 × 20 × 2.0 | 301.5 | 92.2 | 20.4 | 29.8 | 15.2 | 30.4 | 15.1 |
SP-6-B | C300 × 90 × 20 × 2.0 | 302.6 | 92.8 | 21.0 | 29.7 | 14.4 | 28.7 | 14.4 |
Samples Number | σ0.2/MPa | σu/MPa | E/MPa | δ/% |
---|---|---|---|---|
3 | 314.8 | 613.3 | 1.94×105 | 46.8 |
Group | Specimen | Cross-Section /mm | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SP-1 | SP-1-A | C150 × 60 × 20 × 2.0 | 0.23 | — | — | 1.57 | 0.113 | — | — | 0.770 |
SP-1-B | C150 × 60 × 20 × 2.0 | 0.21 | — | — | 1.66 | 0.103 | — | — | 0.814 | |
SP-2 | SP-2-A | C150 × 60 × 20 × 2.0 | 0.27 | — | — | 1.85 | 0.132 | — | — | 0.907 |
SP-2-B | C150 × 60 × 20 × 2.0 | 0.22 | — | — | 1.78 | 0.108 | — | — | 0.873 | |
SP-3 | SP-3-A | C250 × 75 × 20 × 2.0 | 0.18 | — | — | 1.95 | 0.088 | — | — | 0.956 |
SP-3-B | C250 × 75 × 20 × 2.0 | 0.15 | — | — | 1.93 | 0.074 | — | — | 0.946 | |
SP-4 | SP-4-A | C300 × 90 × 20 × 2.0 | 0.11 | — | — | 1.55 | 0.054 | — | — | 0.760 |
SP-4-B | C300 × 90 × 20 × 2.0 | 0.13 | — | — | 1.52 | 0.064 | — | — | 0.745 | |
SP-5 | SP-5-A | C300 × 90 × 20 × 2.0 | — | 0.86 | 0.98 | 1.42 | — | 0.422 | 0.480 | 0.696 |
SP-5-B | C300 × 90 × 20 × 2.0 | — | 0.79 | 0.94 | 1.33 | — | 0.387 | 0.461 | 0.652 | |
SP-6 | SP-6-A | C300 × 90 × 20 × 2.0 | — | 0.43 | 0.52 | 1.53 | — | 0.211 | 0.255 | 0.750 |
SP-6-B | C300 × 90 × 20 × 2.0 | — | 0.43 | 0.52 | 1.56 | — | 0.211 | 0.255 | 0.765 |
Group | Specimen | Cross-Section/mm | Test Results | Finite Element Results | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Put /kN | Failure Mode | MTest /kN·m | Puf /kN | Failure Mode | MFEA /kN·m | ||||
SP-1 | SP-1-A | C150 × 60 × 20 × 2.0 | 38.22 | L+D | 9.56 | 37.21 | L+D | 9.30 | 0.973 |
SP-1-B | C150 × 60 × 20 × 2.0 | D | 9.56 | L+D | 9.30 | 0.973 | |||
SP-2 | SP-2-A | C150 × 60 × 20 × 2.0 | 33.84 | D | 8.46 | 31.26 | D | 7.82 | 0.924 |
SP-2-B | C150 × 60 × 20 × 2.0 | D | 8.46 | D | 7.82 | 0.924 | |||
SP-3 | SP-3-A | C250 × 75 × 20 × 2.0 | 76.10 | D | 19.03 | 74.57 | L+D | 18.64 | 0.980 |
SP-3-B | C250 × 75 × 20 × 2.0 | L + D | 19.03 | L+D | 18.64 | 0.980 | |||
SP-4 | SP-4-A | C300 × 90 × 20 × 2.0 | 93.70 | L + D | 23.43 | 93.10 | L+D | 23.28 | 0.994 |
SP-4-B | C300 × 90 × 20 × 2.0 | L + D | 23.43 | L+D | 23.28 | 0.994 | |||
SP-5 | SP-5-A | C300 × 90 × 20 × 2.0 | 105.55 | D | 26.39 | 100.97 | D | 25.24 | 0.956 |
SP-5-B | C300 × 90 × 20 × 2.0 | D | 26.39 | D | 25.24 | 0.956 | |||
SP-6 | SP-6-A | C300 × 90 × 20 × 2.0 | 101.00 | D | 25.25 | 96.23 | D | 24.06 | 0.953 |
SP-6-B | C300 × 90 × 20 × 2.0 | D | 25.25 | D | 24.06 | 0.953 | |||
Mean | 0.963 | ||||||||
SD | 0.022 | ||||||||
CV (%) | 2.28 |
Group | Cross-Section/mm | λL | λD | Mcrl /kN·m | Mcrd /kN·m | Mtest /kN·m | MnDL-SS /kN·m | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SP-1 | C150 × 60 × 20 × 2.0 | 0.55 | 0.69 | 29.63 | 18.63 | 9.56 | 9.40 | 0.983 |
SP-2 | C150 × 60 × 20 × 2.0 | 0.55 | 0.68 | 29.80 | 19.25 | 8.46 | 9.45 | 1.117 |
SP-3 | C250 × 75 × 20 × 2.0 | 0.70 | 0.93 | 40.92 | 23.34 | 19.03 | 17.24 | 0.906 |
SP-4 | C300 × 90 × 20 × 2.0 | 0.85 | 1.12 | 39.96 | 23.07 | 23.43 | 21.14 | 0.902 |
SP-5 | C300 × 90 × 20 × 2.0 | 0.63 | 1.09 | 73.62 | 24.96 | 26.39 | 24.23 | 0.918 |
SP-6 | C300 × 90 × 20 × 2.0 | 0.89 | 1.11 | 37.55 | 24.29 | 25.25 | 21.59 | 0.855 |
Mean | 0.947 | |||||||
SD | 0.085 | |||||||
CV (%) | 8.98 |
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Huangfu, S.-E.; Tao, Z.; Zhang, J.; Abdul Ghafar, W.; Wang, Z.; Ye, C.; Hasan, M.M. Flexural Behavior of Stainless Steel V-Stiffened Lipped Channel Beams. Metals 2023, 13, 434. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13020434
Huangfu S-E, Tao Z, Zhang J, Abdul Ghafar W, Wang Z, Ye C, Hasan MM. Flexural Behavior of Stainless Steel V-Stiffened Lipped Channel Beams. Metals. 2023; 13(2):434. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13020434
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuangfu, Shuang-E, Zhong Tao, Ji Zhang, Wahab Abdul Ghafar, Zihao Wang, Caifeng Ye, and Md Mehedi Hasan. 2023. "Flexural Behavior of Stainless Steel V-Stiffened Lipped Channel Beams" Metals 13, no. 2: 434. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13020434