Predicting Missing Seismic Velocity Values Using Self-Organizing Maps to Aid the Interpretation of Seismic Reflection Data from the Kevitsa Ni-Cu-PGE Deposit in Northern Finland
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Geological Background
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Kevitsa Borehole Data
Selected Parameters for the Analyses
3.2. Self-Organizing Map Analysis
4. Results
Predicting Missing Seismic Velocities Using SOM
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
2D | Two-dimensional |
3D | Three-dimensional |
ANN | Artificial neural network |
BMU | Best-matching unit |
CC | Correlation coefficient |
CLGB | Central Lapland Greenstone Belt |
MPE | Metaperidotite |
nD | n-dimensional |
IP | Induced polarization |
PGE | Platinum group element |
RQD | Rock-quality designation |
SG | Specific gravity |
SOM | Self-organizing map |
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Parameter | Number of Boreholes | Missing Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|
Geophysical and geotechnical | ||
Vp (m/s) | 16 | 81.5 |
Vs (m/s) | 14 | 84.8 |
Density (kg/m3) | 16 | 81.8 |
SG (kg/m3) | 105 | 28.3 |
RQD (pct) | 13 | 87.5 |
Natural gamma (µR/h) | 64 | 47.7 |
Magnetic susceptibility (10−3 SI) | 13 | 87.9 |
Electrical resistivity (Ohmm) | 60 | 51.3 |
IP (pct) | 59 | 52.3 |
Geochemical | ||
Ni (pct) | 132 | 10.9 |
Cu (pct) | 132 | 10.9 |
Au (ppb) | 132 | 32.4 |
Pd (ppb) | 131 | 34.1 |
Pt (ppb) | 124 | 47.0 |
Fe (pct) | 132 | 10.9 |
S (pct) | 132 | 10.9 |
Co (ppm) | 132 | 10.9 |
Cr (ppm) | 132 | 10.9 |
Al (pct) | 45 | 73.6 |
Mg (pct) | 45 | 73.6 |
Ca (pct) | 45 | 73.6 |
Na (pct) | 45 | 73.6 |
Labels | ||
Lithological | 134 | 0.7 |
Alteration | 60 | 58.5 |
Run | Vp | Vs | NG | Den | SG | RQD | Susc | Res | IP | GChem1 | GChem2 | Lith1 | Lith2 | Alt | KV171 | KV173 | KV156 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CCVp | CCVs | CCVp | CCVs | CCVp | CCVs | |||||||||||||||
1 | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | 0.65 | 0.66 | 0.74 | 0.81 | 0.56 | 0.64 | ||
2 | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | 0.57 | 0.64 | 0.79 | 0.87 | 0.58 | 0.60 | |||
3 | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | 0.65 | 0.75 | 0.66 | 0.74 | 0.47 | 0.48 | ||||
4 | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | 0.58 | 0.68 | 0.47 | 0.49 | 0.46 | 0.46 | ||||||
5 | x | x | x | x | x | 0.62 | 0.71 | 0.53 | 0.56 | 0.37 | 0.23 | |||||||||
6 | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | 0.55 | 0.58 | 0.74 | 0.83 | 0.57 | 0.57 | ||
7 | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | 0.51 | 0.61 | 0.77 | 0.84 | 0.54 | 0.56 | |||
8 | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | 0.57 | 0.72 | 0.72 | 0.79 | 0.32 | 0.29 | ||||
9 | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | 0.67 | 0.75 | 0.52 | 0.62 | 0.39 | 0.33 | ||||||
10 | x | x | x | x | x | 0.62 | 0.72 | 0.55 | 0.63 | 0.42 | 0.42 | |||||||||
11 | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | 0.49 | 0.65 | 0.61 | 0.72 | 0.54 | 0.61 | |||
12 | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | 0.64 | 0.75 | 0.71 | 0.80 | 0.45 | 0.52 | ||||
13 | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | 0.53 | 0.76 | 0.58 | 0.68 | 0.35 | 0.42 | |||||
14 | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | 0.66 | 0.75 | 0.51 | 0.60 | 0.24 | 0.31 | |||||||
15 | x | x | x | x | 0.49 | 0.67 | 0.51 | 0.52 | 0.05 | 0.16 | ||||||||||
16 | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | 0.57 | 0.64 | 0.75 | 0.82 | 0.55 | 0.53 | ||
17 | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | 0.53 | 0.61 | 0.69 | 0.80 | 0.51 | 0.56 | ||
18 | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | 0.48 | 0.62 | 0.66 | 0.78 | 0.50 | 0.55 |
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Junno, N.; Koivisto, E.; Kukkonen, I.; Malehmir, A.; Montonen, M. Predicting Missing Seismic Velocity Values Using Self-Organizing Maps to Aid the Interpretation of Seismic Reflection Data from the Kevitsa Ni-Cu-PGE Deposit in Northern Finland. Minerals 2019, 9, 529. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9090529
Junno N, Koivisto E, Kukkonen I, Malehmir A, Montonen M. Predicting Missing Seismic Velocity Values Using Self-Organizing Maps to Aid the Interpretation of Seismic Reflection Data from the Kevitsa Ni-Cu-PGE Deposit in Northern Finland. Minerals. 2019; 9(9):529. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9090529
Chicago/Turabian StyleJunno, Niina, Emilia Koivisto, Ilmo Kukkonen, Alireza Malehmir, and Markku Montonen. 2019. "Predicting Missing Seismic Velocity Values Using Self-Organizing Maps to Aid the Interpretation of Seismic Reflection Data from the Kevitsa Ni-Cu-PGE Deposit in Northern Finland" Minerals 9, no. 9: 529. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9090529