Amethyst Occurrences in Tertiary Volcanic Rocks of Greece: Mineralogical, Fluid Inclusion and Oxygen Isotope Constraints on Their Genesis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Meterials and Methods
3. Geological Setting
3.1. Regional Geology
3.2. Local Geology
3.2.1. Northeastern Greece (Sapes, Kirki and Kornofolia)
3.2.2. Lesvos Island
3.2.3. Milos Island
4. Mineralogy and Mineral Chemistry
5. Fluid Inclusions
5.1. Morphology and Types of Fluid Inclusions
5.2. Microthermometry
6. Amethyst Oxygen Isotopes
7. Discussion
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SiO2 | 69.34 | 68.99 | 69.26 | 66.40 | 61.85 | 64.09 | 62.47 | 65.23 | 54.45 | 54.49 | 61.46 | 61.41 | 67.23 | 65.19 | 56.20 | 57.21 | 61.96 |
TiO2 | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.50 | 0.56 | 0.59 | 0.56 | 0.54 | 0.78 | 0.75 | 0.73 | 0.62 | 0.48 | 0.48 | 0.51 | 0.85 | 1.01 | 0.66 |
Al2O3 | 15.54 | 15.50 | 15.02 | 16.94 | 16.36 | 16.42 | 16.18 | 16.19 | 16.78 | 15.98 | 17.31 | 16.01 | 16.01 | 16.25 | 18.12 | 18.93 | 16.57 |
Fe2O3 | 3.23 | 3.57 | 3.43 | 6.14 | 5.80 | 5.90 | 4.91 | 9.42 | 8.90 | 6.23 | 5.84 | 3.48 | 3.48 | 4.11 | 6.60 | 6.26 | 6.03 |
MnO | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.23 | 0.13 | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.10 |
MgO | 0.87 | 1.25 | 1.19 | 2.56 | 2.19 | 2.33 | 1.85 | 5.42 | 6.01 | 3.21 | 2.68 | 1.63 | 1.63 | 2.20 | 3.61 | 3.87 | 2.65 |
CaO | 4.18 | 3.52 | 5.22 | 5.48 | 5.29 | 6.07 | 4.80 | 9.37 | 7.73 | 6.04 | 6.01 | 4.64 | 4.64 | 5.20 | 7.20 | 5.74 | 6.63 |
Na2O | 3.12 | 3.12 | 2.56 | 3.43 | 3.63 | 3.34 | 3.35 | 2.63 | 2.51 | 2.91 | 2.92 | 2.91 | 2.91 | 2.85 | 2.94 | 2.42 | 3.33 |
K2O | 2.94 | 2.89 | 2.51 | 2.68 | 2.11 | 2.64 | 2.89 | 1.18 | 1.93 | 3.00 | 2.02 | 2.51 | 2.51 | 2.82 | 3.55 | 3.67 | 1.61 |
P2O5 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.14 | 0.22 | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.42 | 0.48 | - |
Total | 99.86 | 99.50 | 99.99 | 99.87 | 99.24 | 99.91 | 99.93 | 99.67 | 99.54 | 99.83 | 99.04 | 99.90 | 99.10 | 99.36 | 99.61 | 99.79 | 99.87 |
Ba | 726 | 732 | 462 | 560 | 663 | 526 | 627 | 679 | 376 | 881 | 809 | 507 | 1175 | 705 | 1466 | 1077 | 383 |
Ce | 61 | 65 | 43 | 74 | 52 | 58 | 62 | 43 | - | 32 | 38 | 87 | 55 | 64 | 139 | 120 | - |
Cr | 6 | 5 | 8 | 14 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 10 | 89 | 135 | 40 | 20 | 10 | 19 | 16 | 34 | - |
Ga | 14 | 17 | 17 | 16 | 18 | 14 | 18 | 14 | 19 | 14 | 15 | 10 | - | 14 | 22 | 21 | - |
La | 28 | 39 | 26 | 58 | 23 | 35 | 39 | 27 | - | 16 | 29 | 38 | 13 | 46 | 88 | 57 | - |
Nb | 6 | 5 | 2 | 7 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 4 | 5 | 8 | 6 | 8 | 8 | - | 2 | - |
Nd | 28 | 27 | 20 | 25 | 24 | 23 | 24 | 17 | 9 | 14 | 15 | 4 | 16 | 25 | 55 | 50 | - |
Pb | 23 | 30 | 52 | 25 | 20 | 19 | 22 | 21 | - | 27 | 24 | 20 | 30 | 17 | 28 | 24 | 14 |
Rb | 86 | 75 | 50 | 61 | 55 | 49 | 56 | 76 | 34 | 35 | 202 | 75 | 128 | 88 | 131 | 132 | 34 |
Sc | 11 | 10 | 14 | 22 | 11 | 24 | 21 | 16 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 16 | 24 | - |
Sr | 273 | 281 | 345 | 264 | 321 | 318 | 296 | 281 | 393 | 309 | 320 | 297 | 353 | 341 | 942 | 748 | 215 |
Th | 8 | 12 | 3 | 8 | 8 | 10 | 4 | 9 | 5 | 7 | 11 | 13 | 18 | 13 | 15 | 19 | - |
U | 5 | 9 | 12 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 5 | - | - | - | 0 | - | - | 1 | 8 | - |
V | 87 | 95 | 96 | 153 | 141 | 152 | 138 | 133 | 237 | 221 | 160 | 121 | 91 | 111 | 160 | 179 | 118 |
Y | 22 | 25 | 22 | 25 | 32 | 26 | 22 | 24 | 27 | 25 | 27 | 28 | 20 | 22 | 24 | 25 | - |
Zr | 122 | 113 | 112 | 144 | 145 | 144 | 137 | 135 | 89 | 84 | 147 | 115 | 113 | 128 | 208 | 202 | - |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SiO2 | 66.15 | 65.63 | 65.77 | 30.41 | 31.50 | na | na | na | na | 66.36 | 67.56 | 53.27 | 53.48 | 56.38 | 55.12 | 51.36 |
Al2O3 | 17.92 | 18.19 | 18.30 | 17.60 | 19.65 | na | na | na | na | 11.69 | 12.31 | 13.37 | 13.97 | 20.85 | 20.51 | 21.28 |
FeO | 0.03 | bd | 0.01 | 20.48 | 19.81 | 0.08 | 1.93 | 0.12 | 0.36 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 1.01 | 0.39 | bd | 0.02 | bd |
MgO | na | na | na | 17.15 | 17.83 | 0.16 | 18.06 | bd | 0.08 | bd | 0.08 | 0.29 | 0.02 | 0.08 | bd | bd |
MnO | na | na | na | 0.37 | 0.39 | bd | bd | 0.82 | 0.45 | bd | 0.09 | 0.05 | bd | 0.04 | bd | bd |
CaO | bd | 0.01 | bd | 0.71 | 0.45 | 50.03 | 29.53 | 49.00 | 49.24 | 3.95 | 4.38 | 0.55 | 0.50 | 0.04 | 0.11 | 10.37 |
Na2O | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.26 | 0.63 | 0.65 | na | na | na | na | 0.90 | 0.68 | 0.66 | 0.90 | 10.97 | 11.52 | 0.59 |
K2O | 16.13 | 16.54 | 15.99 | 0.04 | 0.19 | na | na | na | na | 1.97 | 1.64 | 1.88 | 4.18 | 0.05 | bd | 0.89 |
SrO | na | na | na | 0.86 | 0.11 | bd | 0.18 | 0.01 | bd | 2.33 | 1.59 | 0.79 | 1.87 | 0.43 | 0.58 | 1.10 |
BaO | 0.03 | 0.20 | 0.55 | na | na | na | na | bd | bd | 0.52 | 0.29 | 15.97 | 14.66 | bd | bd | 0.14 |
Total | 100.33 | 100.65 | 100.88 | 87.64 | 90.60 | 50.27 | 49.7 | 49.95 | 50.13 | 87.84 | 88.72 | 87.87 | 90.56 | 88.80 | 87.86 | 85.73 |
Atoms | 8(O) | 8(O) | 8(O) | 28(O) | 28(O) | 1(Ctn) | 2(Ctn) | 1(Ctn) | 1(Ctn) | 72(O) | 72(O) | 72(O) | 72(O) | 96(O) | 96(O) | 48(O) |
Si | 3.03 | 3.02 | 3.01 | 6.23 | 6.20 | - | - | - | - | 29.61 | 29.52 | 27.27 | 26.82 | 33.72 | 33.60 | 16.14 |
Al | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 4.24 | 4.55 | - | - | - | - | 6.12 | 6.30 | 8.10 | 8.28 | 14.76 | 14.76 | 7.86 |
Fe3+ | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.24 | 0.32 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.45 | 0.18 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Fe2+ | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.24 | 2.90 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Mg | - | - | - | 5.22 | 5.22 | 0.01 | 0.90 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.09 | 0.18 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Mn | - | - | - | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Ca | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.99 | 1.05 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 1.89 | 2.07 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.00 | 0.12 | 3.48 |
Na | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.25 | 0.25 | - | - | - | - | 0.81 | 0.54 | 0.63 | 0.90 | 12.72 | 13.56 | 0.36 |
K | 0.94 | 0.97 | 0.94 | 0.04 | 0.04 | - | - | - | - | 1.08 | 0.90 | 1.26 | 2.70 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.36 |
Sr | - | - | - | 0.11 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - | - | 0.63 | 0.36 | 0.27 | 0.54 | 0.12 | 0.24 | 0.18 |
Ba | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.09 | 0.09 | 3.24 | 2.88 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Sample | Location | FI Types | FIA | Th (°C) | Tm(ice) (°C) | Salinity (wt % NaCl equiv) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ASH, KP627 | Silver Hill, Sapes | High Th (°C) | ||||
L + V → L | FIA 1 | 201–219 (n = 5) | −0.9 to −0.6 (n = 5) | 1.1 to 1.6 | ||
L + V → L | FIA 2 | 205–212 (n = 4) | n.a. | - | ||
L + V → L | FIA 3 | 205–215 (n = 3) | −1.0 (n = 1) | 1.7 | ||
L + V → L | FIA 4 | 207–218 (n = 5) | n.a. | - | ||
L + V → L | FIA 5 | 218–230 (n = 4) | −1.1 to −0.7 (n = 5) | 1.2 to 1.9 | ||
Low Th (°C) | ||||||
L + V → L | FIA 6 | 189–190 (n = 5) | −1.2 (n = 3) | 2.1 | ||
L + V → L | FIA 7 | 189–200 (n = 3) | −1.1 to −0.5 (n = 3) | 0.9 to 1.9 | ||
L + V → L | FIA 8 | 190–203 (n = 5) | n.a. | - | ||
288, 347, 900, 494, 886, 888, 495, 812, 363, 818 | Kassiteres | High Th (°C) | ||||
L + V → L | FIA 1 | 238–243 (n = 3) | −1.6 to −1.3 (n = 2) | 2.2 to 2.7 | ||
L + V → L | FIA 2 | 244–263 (n = 13) | −1.1 to −0.8 (n = 11) | 1.4 to 1.9 | ||
L + V → L | FIA 3 | 252–258 (n = 9) | −1.1 to −0.7 (n = 6) | 1.2 to 1.9 | ||
L + V → L | FIA 4 | 267–275 (n = 9) | −0.9 to −0.7 (n = 6) | 1.2 to 1.6 | ||
Low Th (°C) | ||||||
L + V → L | FIA 5 | 211–227 (n = 5) | −1.2 to −0.7 (n = 5) | 1.2 to 2.1 | ||
L + V → L | FIA 6 | 218–227 (n = 6) | −0.6 (n = 3) | 1.1 | ||
L + V → L | FIA 7 | 218–234 (n = 7) | −1.8 to −1.7 (n = 5) | 2.9 to 3.1 | ||
L + V → L | FIA 8 | 225–234 (n = 5) | −1.7 to −0.3 (n = 3) | 0.5 to 2.9 | ||
L + V → L | FIA 9 | 229–239 (n = 6) | −1.2 to −0.5 (n = 5) | 0.9 to 2.1 | ||
SF2, AS1 | Kornofolia, Soufli | L + V → L | FIA 1 | 191–205 (n = 5) | −2.7 to −1.2 (n = 5) | 2.1 to 4.5 |
L + V → L | FIA 2 | 191–212 (n = 6) | n.a. | - | ||
L + V → L | FIA 3 | 194–219 (n = 8) | −2.4 to −1.4 (n = 8) | 2.4 to 4.0 | ||
L + V → L | FIA 4 | 206–220 (n = 6) | −2.4 to −1.9 (n = 3) | 3.2 to 4.0 | ||
L + V → L | FIA 5 | 211–223 (n = 5) | n.a. | - | ||
LS1, LS3 | Megala Therma, Lesvos isl. | High Th (°C) | ||||
L + V → L | FIA 1 | 235–245 (n = 7) | −2.8 to −2.7 (n = 5) | 4.5 to 4.7 | ||
L + V → L | FIA 2 | 236–246 (n = 9) | −2.6 to −2.5 (n = 2) | 4.2 to 4.4 | ||
L + V → L | FIA 3 | 236–246 (n = 5) | −2.7 to −2.5 (n = 3) | 4.2 to 4.5 | ||
L + V → L | FIA 4 | 238–241 (n = 3) | n.a. | - | ||
Low Th (°C) | ||||||
L + V → L | FIA 5 | 219–229 (n = 6) | −2.9 to −2.2 (n = 6) | 3.7 to 4.8 | ||
L + V → L | FIA 6 | 219–235 (n = 8) | −2.4 to −2.1 (n = 4) | 3.6 to 4.0 | ||
L + V → L | FIA 7 | 219–230 (n= 6) | −2.9 to −2.0 (n = 6) | 3.4 to 4.8 | ||
L + V → L | FIA 8 | 226–234 (n = 5) | n.a. | - | ||
L + V → L | FIA 9 | 227–232 (n = 9) | −2.9 to −2.1 (n = 9) | 3.6 to 4.8 | ||
M1 | Chondro Vouno, Milos isl. | High Th (°C) | ||||
L + V → L | FIA 1 | 204–211 (n = 4) | −5.0 to −4.2 (n = 4) | 6.7 to 7.9 | ||
L + V → L | FIA 2 | 205–219 (n = 5) | −5.0 to −4.1 (n = 2) | 6.6 to 7.9 | ||
L + V → L | FIA 3 | 205–221 (n = 5) | −4.7 to −4.0 (n = 4) | 6.5 to 7.5 | ||
L + V → L | FIA 4 | 209–212 (n = 3) | −5.0 to −4.2 (n = 3) | 6.7 to 7.9 | ||
Low Th (°C) | ||||||
L + V → L | FIA 5 | 193–198 (n = 6) | −4.7 to −3.9 | 6.3 to 7.5 | ||
L + V → L | FIA 6 | 195–201 (n = 4) | −4.9 to −4.7 (n = 2) | 7.5 to 7.7 | ||
L + V → L | FIA 7 | 196–197 (n = 3) | n.a. | - | ||
L + V → L | FIA 8 | 196–203 (n = 8) | n.a. | - | ||
M2, ML2 | Kalogries, Milos isl. | L + V → L | FIA 1 | 190–201 (n = 5) | −3.1 to −2.9 (n = 3) | 4.8 to 5.1 |
L + V → L | FIA 2 | 193–197 (n = 3) | n.a. | - | ||
L + V → L | FIA 3 | 193–202 (n = 6) | −2.9 to −2.4 (n = 2) | 4.0 to 4.8 | ||
L + V → L | FIA 4 | 193–204 (n = 3) | −2.5 (n = 1) | 4.2 | ||
L + V → L | FIA 5 | 193–206 (n = 5) | −2.9 to −2.5 (n = 4) | 4.2 to 4.8 | ||
L + V → L | FIA 6 | 196–207 (n = 4) | −3.4 to −2.5 (n = 4) | 4.2 to 5.6 |
Sample | Locality | δ18ΟQtz | Th (°C) Range | δ18ΟFl min | δ18ΟFl max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
KS1 | Kassiteres | 10.5 | 211–275 | −0.5 | 2.6 |
SH2 | Sapes | 8.2 | 189–230 | −4.3 | −1.7 |
KIR1 | Kirki | 19.1 | - | - | - |
SF2 | Kornofolia | 20.5 | 194–223 | 8.4 | 10.2 |
LS2 | Lesvos | 3.3 | 219–246 | −7.3 | −5.8 |
M1 | Milos | 14.1 | 193–219 | 1.9 | 3.5 |
M2 | Milos | 13.4 | 190–207 | 1.0 | 2.1 |
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Voudouris, P.; Melfos, V.; Mavrogonatos, C.; Tarantola, A.; Gӧtze, J.; Alfieris, D.; Maneta, V.; Psimis, I. Amethyst Occurrences in Tertiary Volcanic Rocks of Greece: Mineralogical, Fluid Inclusion and Oxygen Isotope Constraints on Their Genesis. Minerals 2018, 8, 324. https://doi.org/10.3390/min8080324
Voudouris P, Melfos V, Mavrogonatos C, Tarantola A, Gӧtze J, Alfieris D, Maneta V, Psimis I. Amethyst Occurrences in Tertiary Volcanic Rocks of Greece: Mineralogical, Fluid Inclusion and Oxygen Isotope Constraints on Their Genesis. Minerals. 2018; 8(8):324. https://doi.org/10.3390/min8080324
Chicago/Turabian StyleVoudouris, Panagiotis, Vasilios Melfos, Constantinos Mavrogonatos, Alexandre Tarantola, Jens Gӧtze, Dimitrios Alfieris, Victoria Maneta, and Ioannis Psimis. 2018. "Amethyst Occurrences in Tertiary Volcanic Rocks of Greece: Mineralogical, Fluid Inclusion and Oxygen Isotope Constraints on Their Genesis" Minerals 8, no. 8: 324. https://doi.org/10.3390/min8080324