Monitoring of Drill System Behavior for Water-Powered In-The-Hole (ITH) Drilling
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodologies
3. Test Description
3.1. Test Site
3.2. Drill System
3.3. Drill Monitoring Technique
3.3.1. Measured Parameters
- Penetration rate: This is the advance rate of the bit through the rock matrix; it is influenced by the geo-mechanical properties of the rock [33] and the applied forces. The parameter is measured by m/min.
- Percussive pressure: This refers to the water pressure used to force the piston to impact the bit [30]. The unit of the measured percussive pressure is bar.
- Feed pressure: The feed pressure generates feed force acting on the drill bit. The Atlas Copco rigs use a two-stage hydraulic cylinder to convert oil pressure into an axial feed force. The measurement unit is bar.
- Rotation pressure: This measure reflects the bit’s resistance to rotation. In percussive drilling, the rotation is used to impact the new part of the bottom of the hole between successive blows. The movement between each impact is determined by the type, size, and geometry of the drill bit. The torque required to turn the bit mainly depends on bit resistance at the bottom of the hole and frictional resistance between drill rods and hole walls [6]. It is measured in bars.
3.3.2. Calculated Parameters
- Variability parameters: The penetration rate variability and rotation pressure variability have been used in field tests, with both parameters found to be sensitive to rock fracturing [21]. As shown in Equations (1) and (2), variability is calculated as the sum of residuals over a defined interval along the borehole:
- PRVi:
- Penetration rate variability
- RPVi:
- Rotation pressure variability
- N:
- Number of the intervals in a step = Total number of values considered in a step−1 (here, N = 5 − 1 = 4)
- i:
- Index of the registered penetration rate or rotation pressure
- PRi:
- Registered penetration rate
- RPi:
- Registered rotation pressure
- Fracturing parameter: Fracturing is calculated by combining both variability of penetration rate and rotation pressure to make a robust parameter, which can improve prediction of rock fracturing [22]. It is measured by the Pearson residual [34], as shown in Equation (3):
- σ2PR:
- Variance of registered penetration rate
- σ2RP:
- Variance of registered rotation pressure
4. Analyses and Results
- E = Young’s modulus
- I = Area moment of inertia
- l = Hole Length
5. Conclusions
- There are linear hole length-dependent trends for the penetration rate and feed pressure. For the penetration rate, there is a marginal and decreasing trend. For the feed pressure, a large increasing trend is seen that is well balanced for the increasing drill string weight when drilling vertical holes upward.
- For rotation pressure, there is a step-wise linear trend; the rotation pressure is constant until around 20 m when the applied feed force is higher than the buckling force for the drill string. After this, the rotation pressure shows a linear increase with the hole length. It is important to consider this trend if rotation pressure is used as an input to the anti-jamming function of the rig.
- The optimal feed force is between 24 and 28 kN, higher than the used target feed force of around 20 kN. This suggests recording drill monitoring data can be an efficient way to optimize target values for optimal drilling.
- Principal component analysis (PCA) demonstrates how several drill parameters can be merged into a single component describing geo-mechanical influences on the drill response measurements.
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Outer diameter | 102 mm |
Wall thickness | 8.8 mm |
Length | 2.1 m |
Weight | 54.4 kg |
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Ghosh, R.; Schunnesson, H.; Gustafson, A. Monitoring of Drill System Behavior for Water-Powered In-The-Hole (ITH) Drilling. Minerals 2017, 7, 121. https://doi.org/10.3390/min7070121
Ghosh R, Schunnesson H, Gustafson A. Monitoring of Drill System Behavior for Water-Powered In-The-Hole (ITH) Drilling. Minerals. 2017; 7(7):121. https://doi.org/10.3390/min7070121
Chicago/Turabian StyleGhosh, Rajib, Håkan Schunnesson, and Anna Gustafson. 2017. "Monitoring of Drill System Behavior for Water-Powered In-The-Hole (ITH) Drilling" Minerals 7, no. 7: 121. https://doi.org/10.3390/min7070121