The Activation Mechanism of Bi3+ Ions to Rutile Flotation in a Strong Acidic Environment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Micro-Flotation Tests
2.2.2. Adsorption Experiments
2.2.3. Zeta Potential Measurements
2.2.4. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Micro-Flotation Tests
3.2. Adsorption Amount of SPA
3.3. Zeta Potentials
3.4. XPS Analysis
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- The calcium impurity on the rutile surface is dissolved in strongly acidic conditions, and Bi3+ ions occupy the steric position of the original Ca2+ ions (in Figure 11A).
- (2)
- The proton substitution reaction occurs between the hydroxyl species of Bi3+ ions and hydroxylated rutile surface, producing the compounds of Ti-O-Bi2+ (in Figure 11B).
- (3)
- Bi3+ ions can adsorb on the rutile surface in the form of hydroxyl species, and increased the activation sites on the rutile surface (in Figure 11C).
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Element | TiO2 | FeO | Fe2O3 | SiO2 | CaO | MgO | Al2O3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Content | 93.80 | 1.53 | 1.33 | 2.17 | 0.17 | 0.31 | 0.99 |
Ions type | Ca2+ | Fe2+ | Fe3+ | Mg2+ | Al3+ | Pb2+ | Bi3+ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Radius (Å) | 1.14 | 0.92 | 0.785 | 0.86 | 0.675 | 1.33 | 1.17 |
Atom Orbit | Peak | Binding Energy (eV) | Chemical States |
---|---|---|---|
O 1s | Peak 1 | 531.19 | Ti-O-Bi (rutile surface) |
Peak 2 | 532.34 | hydroxyl species (rutile surface) | |
Peak 3 | 529.79 | Ti-O-Ti (rutile bulk) | |
Ti 2p | Peak 4 | 458.84 | O-Ti-O (Ti 2p3/2) (rutile bulk) |
Peak 5 | 464.24 | O-Ti-O (Ti 2p1/2) (rutile bulk) | |
Peak 6 | 458.19 | Ti-OH (rutile surface) | |
Peak 7 | 461.19 | Ti-O-Bi2+ (rutile surface) | |
Bi 4f7/2 | Peak 8 | 159.47 | hydroxyl compounds (rutile surface) |
Peak 9 | 158.99 | hydroxyl compounds (rutile surface) | |
Peak 10 | 158.74 | hydroxyl compounds (rutile surface) | |
Peak 11 | 160.10 | Ti-O-Bi2+ (rutile surface) |
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Xiao, W.; Cao, P.; Liang, Q.; Peng, H.; Zhao, H.; Qin, W.; Qiu, G.; Wang, J. The Activation Mechanism of Bi3+ Ions to Rutile Flotation in a Strong Acidic Environment. Minerals 2017, 7, 113. https://doi.org/10.3390/min7070113
Xiao W, Cao P, Liang Q, Peng H, Zhao H, Qin W, Qiu G, Wang J. The Activation Mechanism of Bi3+ Ions to Rutile Flotation in a Strong Acidic Environment. Minerals. 2017; 7(7):113. https://doi.org/10.3390/min7070113
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiao, Wei, Pan Cao, Qiannan Liang, Hong Peng, Hongbo Zhao, Wenqing Qin, Guanzhou Qiu, and Jun Wang. 2017. "The Activation Mechanism of Bi3+ Ions to Rutile Flotation in a Strong Acidic Environment" Minerals 7, no. 7: 113. https://doi.org/10.3390/min7070113