Formation of Carbonate Nanoglobules by a Mixed Natural Culture under Hypersaline Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Description
2.2. Sample Site and Enrichment of Halophilic Culture
2.3. Culture Media
2.4. Carbonate Precipitation Experiments
2.5. Mineralogical and Morphological Examination of the Precipitates
2.6. Geochemical Study
3. Results
3.1. Changes in Solution Chemistry during Precipitation
3.2. Mineralogy of the Bioliths
3.3. Morphology and Texture of Bioliths
4. Discussion
4.1. Bacterial Nucleation and Carbonate Precipitation
4.2. Influence of Salinity and Mg+2/Ca+2 Ratios on Bacterial Nanoglobule Formation
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | LW1 a | LW2 | LW3 | BSS1 b | BSS2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
pH | 8.2 | 8.5 | 8.6 | 8.3 | 8.7 |
T (°C) | 22 | - | 29 | 24 | 32 |
EC (µS/cm) | 62,100 | 58,200 | 85,200 | 95,230 | 123,532 |
CI− (mmol/L) | 1131.4 | 672 | 1214.2 | 4071.4 | 1578.5 |
SO42− (mmol/L) | 100 | 89.58 | 130.2 | 820.9 | 891.6 |
Mg+2 (mmol/L) | 138.5 | 57.3 | 123.3 | 120.4 | 135.4 |
Na+ (mmol/L) | 963.6 | 511.3 | 1165 | 1361.9 | 840.9 |
K+ (mmol/L) | 22.1 | 13.6 | 24.6 | 11.5 | 22.82 |
Ca+2 (mmol/L) | 17.25 | 14 | 30 | 13.25 | 18.7 |
Salinity (g/L) | 70 | n.d. | 75 | n.d | 82 |
CO32− (mmol/L) | - | 1.8 | - | - | - |
HCO3− (mmol/L) | n.d. | 12.4 | 19.2 | n.d | n.d |
Sample | Ca+2 (mmol/L) | Mg+2 (mmol/L) | Mg+2/Ca+2 | Ca+2 +Mg+2 (total) (mmol/L) | pH | Salinity (g/L) | T (°C) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M1 | 23 | 2 | 0.1 | 25 | 7.2 | 80 | 30 |
M2 | 23 | 2 | 0.1 | 25 | 7.2 | 150 | 30 |
M3 | 13 | 13 | 1.0 | 26 | 7.2 | 80 | 30 |
M4 | 13 | 13 | 1.0 | 26 | 7.2 | 150 | 30 |
M5 * | 10 | 40 | 4.0 | 50 | 7.2 | 80 | 10 |
M6 | 5 | 36 | 7.2 | 41 | 7.2 | 80 | 30 |
M7 | 5 | 36 | 7.2 | 41 | 7.2 | 150 | 30 |
M8 | 5 | 40 | 8.0 | 45 | 7.2 | 80 | 30 |
Experiment | Identified Minerals |
---|---|
M1 | CAP (83 *) |
M2 | CAP (84) |
M3 | C (12), D (2), S (80.3) |
M4 | C (10), D (6), S (84) |
M5 | No data |
M6 | C (40.2), D (14.7), MHC (31.2), S (4.4) |
M7 | C (14), D (12), HM (33.7), S (36.7) |
M8 | MC (7.3), D (23), HM (38), S (21) |
Mineral Phase | M1 | M2 | M3 | M4 | M6 | M7 | M8 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aragonite | 0.38 | 0.57 | −1.9 | 0.34 | 0.06 | −0.56 | −0.02 |
Calcite | 0.52 | 0.71 | −1.76 | −0.48 | −0.23 | −0.39 | 0.15 |
Dolomite(disordered) | 0.02 | 0.03 | −0.32 | −0.37 | 1.07 | 0.87 | 1.11 |
Halite | −1.65 | −0.96 | −4.58 | −0.96 | −1.36 | −0.34 | −1.35 |
Huntite | −4.65 | −3.71 | −11.45 | −1.42 | 0.01 | −0.65 | 0.3 |
Hydromagnesite | −15.75 | −14.63 | −21.96 | −10.05 | −7.27 | −4.96 | −6.57 |
Hydroxyapatite | 14.23 | 14.9 | 1.51 | 14.42 | 11.43 | 8.45 | 11.23 |
Magnesite | −0.87 | −0.63 | −0.48 | −0.60 | 0.07 | 0.49 | 0.19 |
Monohydrocalcite | −0.44 | −0.56 | −0.68 | −0.98 | −1.19 | −1.24 | −1.14 |
Nesquehonite | −3.36 | −3.19 | −4.8 | −2.35 | −2.66 | −2.32 | −2.54 |
Struvite | −0.05 | 0.05 | −0.42 | −0.36 | −0.56 | −0.61 | −0.74 |
Experiment | Media Composition | Microbial Strains | Nanoglobules | Precipitated Minerals | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Current Study | Ca2+ mmol/L | Mg2+ mmol/L | Mg+2/Ca+2 mmol/L | Na+ mmol/L | K+ mmol/L | SO42− mmol/L | PO43− mmol/L | Salt (%) | pH | T (°C) | Oxic/anoxic | Liquid | Agar | |||
Halomonas saccharevitans strain AJ275 | ||||||||||||||||
M1 | 23 | 2 | 0.1 | 8 | 7.2 | 30 | O | X | X | Idiomarina sp. TBZ29, 98% Idiomarina seosensis strain CL-SP19 | No | Capatite | ||||
M2 | 23 | 2 | 0.1 | 15 | 7.2 | 30 | O | X | X | Virgibacillus marismortui | No | Capatite | ||||
M3 | 13 | 13 | 1 | 8 | 7.2 | 30 | O | X | X | Bacillus selenitireducens strain M1S6-17 | Yes | Aragonite, Calcite, Dolomite, Struvite | ||||
M4 | 13 | 13 | 1 | 15 | 7.2 | 30 | O | X | Halomonas saccharevitans strain AJ275 | Yes | Calcite, Dolomite, Struvite | |||||
M5* | 10 | 40 | 4 | 8 | 7.2 | 10 | O | X | Salinicoccus roseus strain DSM 5351 | no data | no data | |||||
M6 | 5 | 36 | 7.2 | 8 | 7.2 | 30 | O | X | X | Halomonas alimentaria strain L7B | Yes | Calcite, Dolomite, Monohydrocalcite, Struvite | ||||
M7 | 5 | 36 | 7.2 | 15 | 7.2 | 30 | O | X | X | Planococcus maritimus isolate LLQ | Yes | Calcite, Dolomite, Hydromagnesite, Struvite | ||||
M8 | 5 | 56 | 11.2 | 8 | 7.2 | 30 | O | X | X | Planococcus rifietoensis strain M8 | Yes | Magnesian Calcite, Dolomite Hydromagnesite, Struvite | ||||
Krause et al. [48] | 10 | 54 | 5 | 470 | 10 | 28 | 35 | 21 | A | X | Desulfobulbus mediterraneus | Yes | Dolomite | |||
Sánchez-Román et al. [34] | 0.25 | 6.0 | 30 | A | X | Tessaracoccuslapidicaptus CECT8385 | Yes | Siderite and Vivianite | ||||||||
Sánchez-Román et al. [33] | 3.5 | 35 | A | X | X | Acidiphilium sp. PM | Yes | Siderite | ||||||||
Sánchez-Román et al. [22] | 7.2 | 25-35 | O | X | Halomonas meridiana ACAM 246 | Yes | Dolomite, Hydromagnesite | |||||||||
Virgibacillus marismortui AJ009793 | ||||||||||||||||
Alois et al. [21] | 13 | 80 | 6.2 | 737 | 7.2 | 10 | 0.9 | 8 | 30 | A | X | Desulfonatronum lacustre | Yes | Calcite | ||
0 | 0.49 | 0.49 | 312 | 7.2 | 35.2 | 1.6 | 8 | 30 | A | X | Desulfonatronum lacustre | No | ||||
Roberts et al. [25] | 3.71 | 1.34 | 0.43 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.01 | 6.9 | A | X | Methanogenic species | Yes | Dolomite | ||||
Benzerara et al. [46] | 3.63 | 30 | O | X | Ramlibacter tataouinensis, a B-proteobacterium | Yes | Calcium phosphate | |||||||||
Warthmann et al. [18] | 10 | 8.0 | O | SRB LVform6 | ||||||||||||
Desulfonatronovibrio hydrogenovorans | Yes | Dolomite | ||||||||||||||
Vasconcelos et al. [17] | Lagoa Vermelha natural sediment incubation | 8 | 30 | A | X | Desulfovibrio group | Yes | Dolomite |
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Balci, N.; Demirel, C. Formation of Carbonate Nanoglobules by a Mixed Natural Culture under Hypersaline Conditions. Minerals 2016, 6, 122. https://doi.org/10.3390/min6040122
Balci N, Demirel C. Formation of Carbonate Nanoglobules by a Mixed Natural Culture under Hypersaline Conditions. Minerals. 2016; 6(4):122. https://doi.org/10.3390/min6040122
Chicago/Turabian StyleBalci, Nurgul, and Cansu Demirel. 2016. "Formation of Carbonate Nanoglobules by a Mixed Natural Culture under Hypersaline Conditions" Minerals 6, no. 4: 122. https://doi.org/10.3390/min6040122