Ecosystem Service Value Changes in Response to Land Use Dynamics in Lithuania
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Land Cover Data and Analysis of Their Change
2.3. Land Use Intensity
2.4. Estimation of ESVs
2.5. Elasticity of Changes in ESVs
3. Results
3.1. Changes in LULC and Land Use Intensity
3.2. Estimation of Changes in ESVs and Individual Ecosystem Functions
3.3. Spatial Distribution of Changes in ESVs and Change in ESVs Associated with Land Use Change (Elasticity)
4. Discussion
4.1. Land Use Change, Intensity, and Change Patterns
4.2. Changes in ESVs
4.3. Spatial Distribution of Land Use and Changes in ESVs
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ecosystem Services | ESVs (USD ha−1 year−1) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cropland | Grassland | Wetland | Waterbodies | Temperate Forest | |
Provisioning services | |||||
Food | 2323 | 1192 | 614 | 106 | 299 |
Water | 400 | 60 | 408 | 1808 | 191 |
Raw materials | 219 | 53 | 425 | – | 181 |
Genetic resources | 1042 | – | – | – | - |
Medicinal resources | – | 1 | 99 | – | - |
Ornamental resources | – | – | 114 | – | - |
Regulating services | |||||
Climate regulation | 411 | 40 | 488 | – | 152 |
Disturbance moderation | – | – | 2986 | – | - |
Regulation of water flows | – | – | 5606 | – | - |
Waste treatment | 397 | 75 | 3015 | 187 | 7 |
Erosion prevention | 107 | 44 | 2607 | – | 5 |
Nutrient cycling | 532 | – | 1713 | – | 93 |
Pollination | 22 | – | – | – | - |
Biological control | 33 | – | 948 | – | 235 |
Habitat services | |||||
Nursery services | – | – | 1287 | – | - |
Genetic diversity | – | 1214 | 1168 | – | 862 |
Cultural services | |||||
Aesthetics information | – | 167 | 1292 | – | - |
Recreation | 82 | 26 | 2211 | 2166 | 989 |
Culture and art | – | – | 700 | – | 1 |
Total | 5567 | 2871 | 25,682 | 4267 | 3013 |
LULC | Area (ha) | ||
---|---|---|---|
1990 | 2006 | 2018 | |
Urban | 213,501 | 209,342 | 220,746 |
Cropland | 3,514,761 | 3,522,142 | 3,364,930 |
Grassland | 656,272 | 675,985 | 768,753 |
Forest | 1,919,984 | 1,891,764 | 1,944,342 |
Wetland | 57,271 | 60,228 | 56,496 |
Water bodies | 124,521 | 125,873 | 129,219 |
Bare land | 3451 | 2969 | 3821 |
Land Use/Land Cover Type | ESV (Million USD year−1) | ESV Change (Million USD year−1) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1990 | 2006 | 2018 | 1990–2006 | 2006–2018 | 1990–2018 | |
Cropland | 19,567 | 19,608 | 18,733 | 41 | −875 | −834 |
Grassland | 1884 | 1941 | 2207 | 57 | 266 | 323 |
Forest | 5785 | 5700 | 5858 | −85 | 158 | 73 |
Wetland | 1471 | 1547 | 1451 | 76 | −96 | −20 |
Water bodies | 531 | 537 | 551 | 6 | 14 | 20 |
Total | 29,239 | 29,334 | 28,802 | 94 | −532 | −438 |
Ecosystem Services | ESV (Million USD year−1) | ESV Change (Million USD year−1) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1990 | 2006 | 2018 | 1990–2006 | 2006–2018 | 1990–2018 | |
Provisioning services | ||||||
Food | 9570 | 9604 | 9363 | 34 | −241 | −207 |
Water | 2060 | 2063 | 2020 | 2 | −43 | −40 |
Raw materials | 1176 | 1175 | 1154 | −1 | −22 | −23 |
Genetic resources | 3662 | 3670 | 3506 | 8 | −164 | −156 |
Medicinal resources | 6 | 7 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Ornamental resources | 7 | 7 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Regulating services | ||||||
Climate regulation | 1791 | 1792 | 1737 | 1 | −55 | −54 |
Disturbance moderation | 171 | 180 | 169 | 9 | −11 | −2 |
Regulation of water flows | 321 | 338 | 317 | 17 | −21 | −4 |
Waste treatment | 1654 | 1667 | 1602 | 13 | −66 | −52 |
Erosion prevention | 564 | 573 | 551 | 9 | −22 | −13 |
Nutrient cycling | 2147 | 2153 | 2068 | 6 | −85 | −79 |
Pollination | 77 | 77 | 74 | 0 | −3 | −3 |
Biological control | 621 | 618 | 622 | −4 | 4 | 0 |
Habitat services | ||||||
Nursery services | 74 | 78 | 73 | 4 | −5 | −1 |
Genetic diversity | 2519 | 2522 | 2675 | 3 | 154 | 157 |
Cultural services | ||||||
Aesthetics information | 184 | 191 | 201 | 7 | 11 | 18 |
Recreation | 2600 | 2583 | 2624 | −17 | 41 | 23 |
Culture and art | 42 | 44 | 41 | 2 | −3 | −1 |
Total | 29,242 | 29,336 | 28,804 | 94 | −532 | −438 |
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Sujetovienė, G.; Dabašinskas, G. Ecosystem Service Value Changes in Response to Land Use Dynamics in Lithuania. Land 2023, 12, 2151. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12122151
Sujetovienė G, Dabašinskas G. Ecosystem Service Value Changes in Response to Land Use Dynamics in Lithuania. Land. 2023; 12(12):2151. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12122151
Chicago/Turabian StyleSujetovienė, Gintarė, and Giedrius Dabašinskas. 2023. "Ecosystem Service Value Changes in Response to Land Use Dynamics in Lithuania" Land 12, no. 12: 2151. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12122151