Innovative Trend Analysis of Annual and Seasonal Rainfall Variability in Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Sources
2.3. Methods
2.3.1. Mann–Kendall Trend Test
2.3.2. Innovative Trend Analysis Method (ITAM)
2.3.3. Sen’s Slope Estimator Test
3. Results
3.1. Analysis of Annual Rainfall
3.2. Monthly and Seasonal Variability of Rainfall
3.3. Seasonal and Annual Rainfall Trends
3.4. Comparison of the Trend Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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S/No | Stations | Elevation (m) | Latitude (N) | Longitude (E) | Area (km2) | Annual Mean Precipitation (mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Gondar | 1973 | 37.4319 | 12.5212 | 22,319.11 | 1102.15 |
2 | Adet | 2179 | 37.4931 | 11.2745 | 22,914.24 | 515.75 |
3 | Bahir Dar | 1827 | 37.322 | 11.6027 | 26,750.85 | 656.75 |
4 | Dangila | 2116 | 36.846 | 11.4337 | 17,802.44 | 1276.00 |
5 | Motta | 2417 | 37.89 | 11.074 | 16,362.48 | 1142.95 |
Months | Gondar | Adet | Bahirdar | Dangla | Motta | Rainfall (mm) | Z-Score |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
January | 5.21 | 2.58 | 1.05 | 1.13 | 2.15 | 2.42 | (0.90) |
February | 14.13 | 2.61 | 0.38 | 1.24 | 2.08 | 4.09 | (0.88) |
March | 38.52 | 14.62 | 10.81 | 9.07 | 10.82 | 16.77 | (0.72) |
April | 96.76 | 27.08 | 13.04 | 17.28 | 18.65 | 34.56 | (0.49) |
May | 193.90 | 70.13 | 44.27 | 67.22 | 30.79 | 81.26 | 0.09 |
June | 347.19 | 93.30 | 122.39 | 122.71 | 44.93 | 146.10 | 0.91 |
July | 426.07 | 192.44 | 281.82 | 165.16 | 122.03 | 237.51 | 2.06 |
August | 283.65 | 159.35 | 212.53 | 167.60 | 119.15 | 188.46 | 1.44 |
September | 129.95 | 96.72 | 112.33 | 107.66 | 67.48 | 102.83 | 0.37 |
October | 64.87 | 65.31 | 44.83 | 49.38 | 41.91 | 53.26 | (0.26) |
November | 21.10 | 14.16 | 5.44 | 14.72 | 12.93 | 13.67 | (0.75) |
December | 5.70 | 5.76 | 2.70 | 2.18 | 4.27 | 4.12 | (0.87) |
Kiremt | 352.30 | 148.37 | 205.58 | 151.83 | 286.11 | 228.84 | 571.15 |
Meher | 71.98 | 58.73 | 54.20 | 57.25 | 40.77 | 56.59 | 168.85 |
Bega | 8.35 | 3.65 | 1.38 | 1.52 | 2.83 | 3.55 | 9.72 |
Belg | 109.73 | 37.28 | 22.71 | 31.19 | 20.09 | 44.20 | 131.68 |
S/No. | Name of Stations | Z (MK) | β | Change (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Gondar | 1.69 ** | 0.54 | 1.84 ** | 0.93 |
2 | Adet | −0.32 | −0.79 | 3.50 | 2.20 |
3 | Bahir Dar | −0.07 * | −23.51 | 1.80 * | 1.36 |
4 | Dangla | −0.36 | −0.39 | 1.26 | 1.27 |
5 | Motta | 0.93 *** | 1.48 | 0.63 *** | 0.79 |
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Gedefaw, M.; Yan, D.; Wang, H.; Qin, T.; Girma, A.; Abiyu, A.; Batsuren, D. Innovative Trend Analysis of Annual and Seasonal Rainfall Variability in Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia. Atmosphere 2018, 9, 326. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9090326
Gedefaw M, Yan D, Wang H, Qin T, Girma A, Abiyu A, Batsuren D. Innovative Trend Analysis of Annual and Seasonal Rainfall Variability in Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia. Atmosphere. 2018; 9(9):326. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9090326
Chicago/Turabian StyleGedefaw, Mohammed, Denghua Yan, Hao Wang, Tianling Qin, Abel Girma, Asaminew Abiyu, and Dorjsuren Batsuren. 2018. "Innovative Trend Analysis of Annual and Seasonal Rainfall Variability in Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia" Atmosphere 9, no. 9: 326. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9090326