On the Attribution of Changing Reference Evapotranspiration in a Coastal Area of China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area and Data
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data
3. Methods
3.1. Calculation of ET0
3.2. Attribution of Changes in ET0
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Changes in ET0
4.2. Changes in Climate Variables
4.3. Quantification of ET0 Changes
4.4. Influence of Topography on ET0 Changes
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Experiment | Description |
---|---|
Control Test: ET0_CTR | air temperature, solar radiation, wind speed, actual vapor pressure from 1973–2013 |
Temperature Test: ET0_T | air temperature maintained in 1973, the others same as the control test |
Solar radiation Test: ET0_Rs | solar radiation maintained in 1973, the others same as the control test |
Wind speed Test: ET0_U2 | wind speed maintained in 1973, the others same as the control test |
Actual vapor pressure Test: ET0_VPD | water vapor pressure deficits maintained in 1973, the others same as the control test |
Variable | Annual | Spring | Summer | Autumn | Winter |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ET0 (mm·year−1) | 1.58 * | 1.12 * | 0.23 | 0.34 | −0.17 |
T (°C·year−1) | 0.04 * | 0.04 * | 0.03 * | 0.03 * | 0.03 * |
U2 (m/s·year−1) | −0.01 * | −0.01 * | −0.01 * | −0.01 * | −0.01 * |
VPD (kPa·year−1) | 0.005 * | 0.006 * | 0.009 * | 0.005 * | 0.001 * |
Rs (MJ·m−2·day−1·year−1) | −3.94 * | 1.37 | −2.43 * | −1.05 | −1.84 * |
Time | Trend | ET0 | T | U2 | VPD | Rs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Annual | Upward | 39(24) | 46(46) | 11(4) | 46(45) | 12(0) |
Downward | 7(1) | 0 | 35(29) | 0 | 34(26) | |
Spring | Upward | 46(45) | 46(45) | 11(3) | 46(46) | 42(14) |
Downward | 0 | 0 | 35(27) | 0 | 4(0) | |
Summer | Upward | 28(5) | 46(45) | 14(4) | 46(45) | 3(0) |
Downward | 18(1) | 0 | 32(23) | 0 | 43(24) | |
Autumn | Upward | 35(16) | 46(45) | 14(5) | 46(44) | 9(0) |
Downward | 11(0) | 0 | 32(23) | 0 | 37(13) | |
Winter | Upward | 11(0) | 46(27) | 10(3) | 43(35) | 0 |
Downward | 35(8) | 0 | 36(30) | 3(0) | 46(33) |
Variable | Annual | Spring | Summer | Autumn | Winter | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Contribution (mm·year−1) | ET0 | 1.58 | 1.12 | 0.29 | 0.34 | −0.17 |
T | 0.39 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.11 | |
U2 | −0.56 | −0.12 | −0.17 | −0.16 | −0.12 | |
VPD | 2.62 | 0.82 | 0.95 | 0.61 | 0.22 | |
Rs | −0.61 | 0.41 | −0.55 | −0.17 | −0.35 | |
Error | −0.26 | −0.07 | −0.05 | −0.04 | −0.03 | |
Relative contribution (%) | T | 24.7 | 7.1 | 37.9 | 29.4 | −64.7 |
U2 | −35.4 | −10.7 | −58.6 | −47.1 | 70.6 | |
VPD | 165.8 | 73.2 | 327.6 | 179.4 | −129.4 | |
Rs | −38.6 | 36.6 | −189.7 | −50.0 | 205.9 | |
Error | −16.5 | −6.2 | −17.2 | −11.8 | 17.6 |
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Gu, R.; Zhang, D.; Liao, A.; Shen, H.; Zhao, X.; Pan, J. On the Attribution of Changing Reference Evapotranspiration in a Coastal Area of China. Atmosphere 2018, 9, 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9010009
Gu R, Zhang D, Liao A, Shen H, Zhao X, Pan J. On the Attribution of Changing Reference Evapotranspiration in a Coastal Area of China. Atmosphere. 2018; 9(1):9. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9010009
Chicago/Turabian StyleGu, Renying, Dan Zhang, Anhua Liao, Huayu Shen, Xiaotong Zhao, and Jingru Pan. 2018. "On the Attribution of Changing Reference Evapotranspiration in a Coastal Area of China" Atmosphere 9, no. 1: 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9010009