Impact of Urbanization on Sunshine Duration from 1987 to 2016 in Hangzhou City, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data and Preprocesses
2.3. Classification of Meteorological Stations
2.4. Estimation of Urbanization Effects on SSD Trends
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Temporal Changes in SSD
3.2. Urbanization Effects on SSD Change
3.3. Environmental Variations Associated with SSD in Hangzhou City
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Station Name | Latitude (degree) | Longitude (degree) | Altitude (m) | Distance 1 (km) | SSD 2 (h/d) | UF1990 3 (%) | UF2015 4 (%) | Category |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chun’an | 29.62 | 119.02 | 171.4 | 130 | 5.0 | 0.6 | 1.3 | Rural |
Hangzhou | 30.23 | 120.17 | 41.7 | - | 4.5 | 29.2 | 55.2 | Urban |
Ningguo | 30.62 | 118.98 | 89.4 | 120 | 4.6 | 5.8 | 11.0 | Suburban |
Shengxian | 29.60 | 120.82 | 104.3 | 94 | 4.7 | 9.1 | 16.2 | Suburban |
Wuxian | 31.07 | 120.43 | 17.5 | 97 | 5.1 | 3.2 | 7.8 | Rural |
Trend in SSD (h/d decade−1) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Rural Station | Suburban Station | Urban Station | All Stations | |
Annual | 0.05 | −0.12 | −0.31 ** | −0.09 |
Spring | 0.41 ** | 0.25 * | 0.07 | 0.28 * |
Summer | −0.02 | −0.28 | −0.48 * | −0.21 |
Autumn | −0.25 | −0.35 * | −0.59 ** | −0.35 * |
Winter | 0.11 | 0.01 | −0.13 | 0.02 |
Period | Suburban Station (h/d) | Urban Station (h/d) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Annual | Spring | Summer | Autumn | Winter | Annual | Spring | Summer | Autumn | Winter | |
1987–2001 | −0.27 | −0.16 | −0.16 | −0.54 | −0.23 | −0.24 | −0.03 | −0.18 | −0.51 | −0.23 |
2002–2016 | −0.58 | −0.45 | −0.66 | −0.77 | −0.42 | −0.87 | −0.63 | −1.09 | −1.11 | −0.67 |
1987–2016 | −0.42 | −0.30 | −0.41 | −0.66 | −0.32 | −0.55 | −0.33 | −0.63 | −0.81 | −0.45 |
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Jin, K.; Qin, P.; Liu, C.; Zong, Q.; Wang, S. Impact of Urbanization on Sunshine Duration from 1987 to 2016 in Hangzhou City, China. Atmosphere 2021, 12, 211. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12020211
Jin K, Qin P, Liu C, Zong Q, Wang S. Impact of Urbanization on Sunshine Duration from 1987 to 2016 in Hangzhou City, China. Atmosphere. 2021; 12(2):211. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12020211
Chicago/Turabian StyleJin, Kai, Peng Qin, Chunxia Liu, Quanli Zong, and Shaoxia Wang. 2021. "Impact of Urbanization on Sunshine Duration from 1987 to 2016 in Hangzhou City, China" Atmosphere 12, no. 2: 211. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12020211