Exploring Novel Molecular Targets for the Treatment of High-Grade Astrocytomas Using Peptide Therapeutics: An Overview
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Peptides as Tools for Therapies
3. Molecular Targets for Peptide-Based Treatments of Astrocytomas
3.1. Molecular Targets on Glioma Cells/GICs
3.1.1. CXCR4/CXCL12
3.1.2. EGFR/AKT
3.2. Molecular Targets on Glioma Cells/GICs and Blood Vessels
3.2.1. VEGFR-2 and Human Sonic Hedgehog
3.2.2. MEK/ERK and Integrins
3.2.3. MDGI
3.3. Molecular Targets on Glioma Cells, Blood Vessels and Extracellular Matrix
Tenascin-C and Neuropilin-1
4. Concluding Remarks
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Molecular Target | Target Localization | Mediated Function | Peptide-Cargo | Type of Peptide | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CXCR4 | GICs | Survival Self-renewal Angiogenesis | Peptide R | Peptide therapeutic | [40] |
EGFR; AKT | GICs/glioma cells | Proliferation Migration Survival Self-renewal Drug resistance | TAT-DRBD | CPP | [41,42] |
VEGFR-2; SHH | Neo-vasculature/VM channels; GICs | Angiogenesis Proliferation Survival Migration | CK-NP-PTX | TTP | [43] |
MEK/ERK; Integrins | Glioma cells/neo-vasculature | Proliferation Differentiation Invasiveness; Migration Angiogenesis | RGD-PEG-Suc-PD0325901 | TTP | [44] |
MDGI | GICs/neo-vasculature | Cell viability Invasive growth Angiogenesis | CooP-CPP-Cbl; Coop-NP-PTX | TTP-CPP TTP | [45,46] |
Tenascin-C; Neuropilin-1 | ECM; Glioma cells/neo-vasculature | Migration Angiogenesis; Growth Progression Recurrence | Ft-NP-PTX | TTP-CPP | [47] |
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Guidotti, G.; Brambilla, L.; Rossi, D. Exploring Novel Molecular Targets for the Treatment of High-Grade Astrocytomas Using Peptide Therapeutics: An Overview. Cells 2020, 9, 490. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9020490
Guidotti G, Brambilla L, Rossi D. Exploring Novel Molecular Targets for the Treatment of High-Grade Astrocytomas Using Peptide Therapeutics: An Overview. Cells. 2020; 9(2):490. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9020490
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuidotti, Giulia, Liliana Brambilla, and Daniela Rossi. 2020. "Exploring Novel Molecular Targets for the Treatment of High-Grade Astrocytomas Using Peptide Therapeutics: An Overview" Cells 9, no. 2: 490. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9020490