Interplay between Neutrophils, NETs and T-Cells in SARS-CoV-2 Infection—A Missing Piece of the Puzzle in the COVID-19 Pathogenesis?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Origin of SARS-CoV-2
2.1. Molecular and Structural Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2
2.2. SARS-CoV-2 Mechanism of Action
3. Innate Immunity—The Role of Neutrophils and NETs in COVID-19
3.1. Neutrophils in SARS-CoV-2 Infection
3.2. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs)
3.3. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) in COVID-19
4. T Cell Responses—Are Fewer Emphasized Subsets of T Cells and T Exhaustion Crucial for the Course of COVID-19 Infection?
5. The Crosstalk between Neutrophils, NETs, and T Cells in COVID-19—What Is the Link?
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Beginning of the Pandemic | Current Knowledge | |
---|---|---|
Main line of defense | Acquired immunity | Innate immunity |
Response in leukocytes | Lymphopenia, neutropenia | NETs, depletion of CD8+ and CD4+ |
Diagnosis | PCR, antigen, antibodies | Specific T cells, B cells, NK |
Prognostic factors | LDH, cytokines (e.g., IL-6, IL-10) | Immune Checkpoint Molecules ** |
Treatment options | Remdesivir, Tocilizumab, GCs * | Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors *** |
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Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej, P.; Grywalska, E.; Hrynkiewicz, R.; Bębnowska, D.; Wołącewicz, M.; Majchrzak, A.; Parczewski, M. Interplay between Neutrophils, NETs and T-Cells in SARS-CoV-2 Infection—A Missing Piece of the Puzzle in the COVID-19 Pathogenesis? Cells 2021, 10, 1817. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10071817
Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej P, Grywalska E, Hrynkiewicz R, Bębnowska D, Wołącewicz M, Majchrzak A, Parczewski M. Interplay between Neutrophils, NETs and T-Cells in SARS-CoV-2 Infection—A Missing Piece of the Puzzle in the COVID-19 Pathogenesis? Cells. 2021; 10(7):1817. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10071817
Chicago/Turabian StyleNiedźwiedzka-Rystwej, Paulina, Ewelina Grywalska, Rafał Hrynkiewicz, Dominika Bębnowska, Mikołaj Wołącewicz, Adam Majchrzak, and Miłosz Parczewski. 2021. "Interplay between Neutrophils, NETs and T-Cells in SARS-CoV-2 Infection—A Missing Piece of the Puzzle in the COVID-19 Pathogenesis?" Cells 10, no. 7: 1817. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10071817