Bioconversion of Waste Fiber Sludge to Bacterial Nanocellulose and Use for Reinforcement of CTMP Paper Sheets
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Microorganism and Chemicals
2.2. Culture Media
2.3. Preparation of Seed Culture and Inoculation
2.4. Study of Feasibility of Using Fiber Sludge Hydrolysate as a Carbon Source
2.5. Study on Optimization of Cultivation Conditions in STRs
2.6. Analysis of Sugar Concentration
2.7. Measurement of DPv of BNC
2.8. Effects of BNC Addition on the Mechanical Properties of Birch CTMP Paper Sheets
2.9. Scanning Electron Microscopy
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Feasibility of Using Fiber Sludge Hydrolysate as a Carbon Source in Shake-Flask Cultures
3.2. Effect of Stirring Speed on the Production of BNC in STRs
3.3. Effect of Airflow on the Production of BNC in STRs
3.4. Effect of pH Adjustment on the Production of BNC in STRs
3.5. Effects of BNC Addition on the Mechanical Properties of Birch CTMP Paper Sheets
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Medium | Glucose Consumption Rate [g/(L × d)] | Q [g/(L × d)] | YP/initial G (g/g) | YP/consumed G (g/g) | DPv |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reference | 0.47 ± 0.04 | 0.110 ± 0.013 | 0.036 ± 0.003 | 0.235 ± 0.010 | 6760 ± 110 |
Hydrolysate | 0.77 ± 0.07 | 0.171 ± 0.011 | 0.055 ± 0.001 | 0.223 ± 0.010 | 6050 ± 80 |
Variable | Conditions | Glucose Consumption Rate [g/(L × d)] | Q [g/(L × d)] | YP/initial G (g/g) | YP/consumed G (g/g) | DPv |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stirring speed (1.0 vvm) | 50 rpm | 2.96 ± 0.07 | 0.202 ± 0.010 | 0.056 ± 0.002 | 0.068 ± 0.006 | 6390 ± 90 |
150 rpm | 2.93 ± 0.05 | 0.239 ± 0.011 | 0.068 ± 0.002 | 0.082 ± 0.003 | 6480 ± 70 | |
250 rpm | 3.21 ± 0.04 | 0.262 ± 0.013 | 0.072 ± 0.002 | 0.082 ± 0.003 | 6210 ± 30 | |
Airflow (250 rpm) | 0.5 vvm | 2.61 ± 0.11 | 0.255 ± 0.013 | 0.073 ± 0.004 | 0.098 ± 0.007 | 6650 ± 70 |
1.5 vvm | 2.58 ± 0.04 | 0.266 ± 0.013 | 0.079 ± 0.004 | 0.103 ± 0.007 | 6200 ± 60 | |
pH adjustment (250 rpm, 1.0 vvm) | pH adjustment | 2.72 ± 0.03 | 0.312 ± 0.016 | 0.095 ± 0.005 | 0.115 ± 0.006 | 6080 ± 50 |
No adjustment | 2.59 ± 0.03 | 0.240 ± 0.012 | 0.072 ± 0.004 | 0.092 ± 0.005 | 6310 ± 90 |
Fraction of BNC (w/w %) | 0 | 5 | 10 |
---|---|---|---|
Grammage, paper (g/m2) | 57.1 ± 2.6 | 59.0 ± 1.4 | 58.7 ± 3.2 |
Thickness (mm) | 0.16 ± 0.01 | 0.16 ± 0.01 | 0.15 ± 0.01 |
Density (kg/m3) | 354 ± 20 | 374 ± 7 | 389 ± 8 |
Tensile Index (kNm/kg) a | 16.6 ± 1.7 | 19.3 ± 1.5 | 24.7 ± 2.5 |
Tensile stiffness index (MNm/kg) b | 3.45 ± 0.30 | 4.05 ± 0.11 | 4.97 ± 0.43 |
Tensile energy absorption index (J/kg) c | 56.7 ± 9.2 | 69.3 ± 10.9 | 87.7 ± 15.7 |
Strain at break (%) | 0.601 ± 0.032 | 0.624 ± 0.061 | 0.626 ± 0.075 |
E-modulus (GPa) | 1.22 ± 0.08 | 1.51 ± 0.05 | 1.89 ± 0.20 |
Tear Index (mNm2/g) d | 1.35 ± 0.28 | 2.24 ± 0.07 | 3.20 ± 0.20 |
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Chen, G.; Wu, G.; Alriksson, B.; Wang, W.; Hong, F.F.; Jönsson, L.J. Bioconversion of Waste Fiber Sludge to Bacterial Nanocellulose and Use for Reinforcement of CTMP Paper Sheets. Polymers 2017, 9, 458. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9090458
Chen G, Wu G, Alriksson B, Wang W, Hong FF, Jönsson LJ. Bioconversion of Waste Fiber Sludge to Bacterial Nanocellulose and Use for Reinforcement of CTMP Paper Sheets. Polymers. 2017; 9(9):458. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9090458
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Genqiang, Guochao Wu, Björn Alriksson, Wei Wang, Feng F. Hong, and Leif J. Jönsson. 2017. "Bioconversion of Waste Fiber Sludge to Bacterial Nanocellulose and Use for Reinforcement of CTMP Paper Sheets" Polymers 9, no. 9: 458. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9090458