Improved Adhesion Performance of Soy Protein-Based Adhesives with a Larch Tannin-Based Resin
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation of TR
2.3. Preparation of SPAs
2.4. Characterization of SPAs
2.4.1. Rheology Properties
2.4.2. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy
2.4.3. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
2.4.4. Moisture Uptake Measurement
2.4.5. Residual Rate Test
2.5. Preparation of the Plywood Samples
2.6. Shear Strength Measurement of Plywood
2.7. Statistic Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristic of Tannin and TR Samples
3.1.1. Physical Properties of TR Samples
3.1.2. FTIR Spectroscopic Analysis of Tannin and TR
3.1.3. Thermal Behavior of Tannin and TR
3.2. Viscosity of the Adhesive Samples
3.3. FTIR Spectroscopic Analysis of the Adhesvie Samples
3.4. SEM Analysis of the Adhesive Samples
3.5. Shear Strength of Plywood
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- The addition of 5 wt % TR in SPA increased the residual rate of the resultant adhesive by 38.4% and the wet shear strength of the resultant plywood by 105.4%;
- (2)
- The water resistance and the crosslinking density of the adhesive were improved because of the following mechanisms: (a) a crosslinking structure formed through the reaction between the TR and the soy protein molecules; (b) An interpenetrated network formed through the crosslinking protein molecules and the self-crosslinking TR molecules; (c) NaOH in TR made the soy protein more soluble and more ionic amino acids, which increased the reactive sites of soy protein with crosslinkers, thus increasing the crosslinking density;
- (3)
- The viscosity improved, which was beneficial for the adhesive distribution during the hot press process. This formed a stronger interlock with the wood surface, which resulted in a better water resistance and bonding strength obtained in the resultant adhesive; and
- (4)
- The addition of 10 wt % TR in SPA decreased the bonding strength of the resultant adhesive because the quantity of unfolded protein molecular chains that caused the resultant adhesive to have a very high viscosity. This caused the adhesive to adhere the wood surface non-uniformly, which did not give the resultant plywood effective bonding strength.
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Resin | Solid Content | Viscosity | pH |
---|---|---|---|
TR | 57.1 ± 0.3% | 970 ± 9 mPa·s | 10.0 ± 0.2 |
Adhesive Samples | SPA | SPA-TR2.5 | SPA-TR5 | SPA-TR7.5 | SPA-TR10 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Viscosity (mPa·s) | 111,900 ± 1357 | 45,800 ± 689 | 71,010 ± 476 | 94,790 ± 413 | 105,512 ± 978 |
pH value | 7.2 ± 0.2 | 7.5 ± 0.1 | 7.9 ± 0.2 | 8.2 ± 0.1 | 8.6 ± 0.1 |
Adhesive Samples | SPA | SPA-TR2.5 | SPA-TR5 | SPA-TR7.5 | SPA-TR10 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dry shear strength (MPa) | 1.24 ± 0.10 | 1.83 ± 0.15 | 2.27 ± 0.13 | 2.02 ± 0.11 | 1.74 ± 0.12 |
Wood failure | 10% | 40% | 70% | 50% | 30% |
Wet shear strength (MPa) | 0.55 ± 0.02 | 0.87 ± 0.03 | 1.13 ± 0.08 | 0.98 ± 0.04 | 0.79 ± 0.05 |
Wood failure | 0 | 30% | 50% | 30% | 10% |
Residual rate | 61.8 ± 0.6% | 81.2 ± 1.0% | 83.7 ± 0.4% | 79.5 ± 0.4% | 72.3 ± 0.4% |
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Chen, M.; Luo, J.; Shi, R.; Zhang, J.; Gao, Q.; Li, J. Improved Adhesion Performance of Soy Protein-Based Adhesives with a Larch Tannin-Based Resin. Polymers 2017, 9, 408. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9090408
Chen M, Luo J, Shi R, Zhang J, Gao Q, Li J. Improved Adhesion Performance of Soy Protein-Based Adhesives with a Larch Tannin-Based Resin. Polymers. 2017; 9(9):408. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9090408
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Mingsong, Jing Luo, Ruiqing Shi, Jizhi Zhang, Qiang Gao, and Jianzhang Li. 2017. "Improved Adhesion Performance of Soy Protein-Based Adhesives with a Larch Tannin-Based Resin" Polymers 9, no. 9: 408. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9090408