Characterization of Arboblend V2 Nature Textured Surfaces Obtained by Injection Molding
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- −
- Poly(Etheretherketone) (PEEK), with a semi-crystalline structure, has very good mechanical properties and high chemical resistance, being recommended for use in medical applications. This material is biologically inert precisely because of its high chemical stability and low wettability. The functionalization of textured PEEK surfaces using LST was achieved with remarkable results using laser wavelengths ranging from UV (355 nm) to mid-infrared (MIR) (10.6 μm). In the case of using laser radiation of 1064 nm, a burning of the surface occurred, and by using the laser radiation of 532 nm, the material was removed. Using this laser wavelength, grooves with an average width of 100 μm were machined. The 355 nm laser radiation produced only slight surface melting [6,7,8]. The authors of [9] highlight that improving the PEEK bioactivity was based on two main strategies: surface modification (including the surface chemical and physical treatment and surface coating) and composite preparation based on the idea of keeping the mechanical properties excellent by impregnating bioactive materials into the material substrate.
- −
- The chemical surface modification of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) was performed by the authors of [11] using a KrF 248 nm excimer laser with high and low fluency (above and below the ablation threshold). Thus, they obtained the roughness size in the micron range, and the surface showed signs of global melting. Normally, the modification of the surface by high fluency led to the deposition of some yellow to black materials on the treated surface, and the modification by low fluency led to the appearance of oxidation without detecting any ablation. The SEM, surface profilometer, and UV parameter effect (wavelength and pulse energy) were used in order to study the morphology and surface of micro-holes [12].
- −
- Polypropylene (PP) has good thermal stability and mechanical properties [13], but the surface energy is low, limiting its use in various medical applications. There is some research on increasing the surface energy by coatings, plasma treatment, and injection molding, but without obtaining remarkable results in surface modification [1]. In [14], the authors obtained good results regarding the texturing of PP surfaces with lasers having a pulse duration of fewer than 100 ns. Laser wavelengths of 1064, 532, and 355 nm were used, and a black smoke layer was used in order to increase the absorption capacity. After applying the LST process, the final roughness obtained was greater than 1 µm, and was considered the minimum value for improving the adhesion properties of the PP surfaces.
- −
- Polycarbonate (PC) has good mechanical properties and biostability. The functionality of textured PC surfaces using LST was achieved from UV (λ = 248 nm) to NIR (λ = 1064 nm) [1]. A decrease in the surface oxygen content led to an increase in the hydrophobicity of PC surfaces if is used an extreme ultraviolet laser-plasma source, as shown through XPS analysis [15]. An increase in roughness was observed when using 1064 nm and 355 nm laser radiation, but wetting only increased when using 1064 nm laser radiation [16].
- −
- Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) was modified by a UV laser [17] in a nitrogen-rich environment. Controlled textured models with high precision were obtained.
- −
- Nylon 6.6 was textured using a CO2 laser in order to increase biocompatibility [18]. Surface modification affected the cell viability of nylon, and cell growth was enhanced.
- −
- Polyimide (PI) was textured using different laser wavelengths (λ = 1.064, 532, 355, and 266 nm) to avoid biofilm formation on existing medical devices [19].
- −
- Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) experiments were performed using a Ti: Sapphire fs laser source (λ = 800 nm and a pulse duration of 150 fs) to evaluate wettability changes [20], recording an increase in the WCA. The method was also used to fabricate microchannels with controlled dimensions and roughness for microfluidic applications. In his research, Pfleging [2] studied the influence of the processing atmosphere on wettability during UV laser treatment (λ = 193 nm). He found a significant decrease in WCA in the case of using O2 as processing gas, due to surface oxidation. Kallepalli DLN et al. [21] obtained several microstructures (buried gratings, surface gratings, surface micro craters, and micro channels) in bulk poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) and poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) using the femtosecond (fs) direct writing technique. They recommended an optimized parameter in order to achieve maximum efficient gratings for both materials. The highest diffraction efficiency (DE) recorded in the case of PDMS grating was around 10% and in the case of PMMA around 34%, obtained with an 0.65 NA (40X) objective with a single scan.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Preparation
2.2. Surface Texturing
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Surface Free Energy (SFE) and Contact Angle (WCA) Measurements
3.2. Microscopic Observations
3.3. WCA Measurements
3.4. Study of the Friction Coefficient
3.5. Microindentation Test
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Property | Measurement Unit | V1 | V2 (Standard) | V3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
The flow resistance | MPa | 57 | 49 | 42 |
The specific yield strain | % | 2.4 | 2.3 | 2.4 |
The modulus of elasticity | MPa | 2900 | 2700 | 2300 |
The strain at break | MPa | 28 | 25 | 24 |
The specific strain at break | % | 5.7 | 9.4 | >10 |
The impact resistance | KJ/m2 | 42 | 59 | 93 |
Parameters | |
---|---|
Software | Cimita laser micromachining software suite for laser, motion, and vision |
Laser | Diode-pumped solid state |
Cut speed | 1 [mm/s] |
Cut passes | 2 and 4 passes |
Power | 48 [mW] |
Pulsation frequency | 400 [Hz] |
Wave length | 355 [nm] |
Pulse width | 6 [ps] |
WCA Θ [o] | Surface Free Energy, SFE [mJ/m2] | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | Series | Passes | Measure Liquid | ||||
Distilled Water | Diiodomethane | ||||||
0 | Initial state | 45.1 | 34.2 | 17.2 | 29.1 | 33.1 | |
1 | Square | 2 | 104.0 | 52.9 | 0.1 | 39.4 | 33.4 |
4 | 73.3 | 70.8 | 18.9 | 70.4 | 84.9 | ||
2 | Hexagonal | 2 | 88.2 | 34.9 | 0.8 | 39.3 | 39.9 |
4 | 69.8 | 77.3 | 28.1 | 6.8 | 34.9 | ||
3 | Triangle |
Axis | Marker 1 | Marker 2 | Diference |
X | 183.3 µm | 257.4 µm | 74.1 µm |
Z | 187 µm | 283 µm | 96 µm |
Square 4 passes roughness profile: height of grooves, Hgroove = 96 µm; width of grooves, Wgroove = 74.1 µm. | |||
Axis | Marker 1 | Marker 2 | Diference |
X | 224.7 µm | 288.8 µm | 64.0 µm |
Z | 98 µm | 56 µm | −42 µm |
Square 2 passes roughness profile: height of grooves Hgroove = 42 µm; width of grooves, Wgroove = 64.0 µm. | |||
Axis | Marker 1 | Marker 2 | Diference |
X | 316.4 µm | 247.3 µm | −69.1 µm |
Z | 29 µm | 178 µm | 149 µm |
Hexagonal 4 passes roughness profile: height of grooves, Hgroove = 149 µm; width of grooves, Wgroove = 69.1 µm. | |||
Axis | Marker 1 | Marker 2 | Diference |
X | 170.8 µm | 256.1 µm | 85.4 µm |
Z | 33 µm | 89 µm | 56 µm |
Hexagonal 2 passes roughness profile: height of grooves, Hgroove = 56 µm; width of grooves, Wgroove = 85.4 µm. |
Θ [o] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
No | Series | Liquid: Distilled Water | Each result is the average of 9 angle measurements approximately 15 s after droplet formation. | |
1 | Square | 2 | 115 | |
4 | 106.5 | |||
2 | Hexagonal | 2 | 86.25 | |
4 | 56 | |||
3 | Unmodified surface | - | 70.5 |
Test No. | Unmodified Surface | Hexagonal 4 Passes | Square 4 Passes | Hexagonal 2 Passes | Square 2 Passes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.17 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.044 | 0.02 |
2 | 0.15 | 0.042 | 0.039 | 0.35 | 0.04 |
3 | 0.19 | 0.49 | 0.031 | 0.39 | 0.022 |
Average | 0.17 | 0.047 | 0.033 | 0.039 | 0.027 |
Test Number | Maximum Load (N) | Maximum Depth (µm) | Young’s Modulus (GPa) | Micro-Hardness (GPa) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
H2x_10N Two passes | test 1 | 8.972 | 65.399 | 2.309 | 0.124 |
test 2 | 8.969 | 58.469 | 2.461 | 0.147 | |
test 3 | 8.984 | 63.399 | 2.373 | 0.13 | |
Average | 8.975 | 62.422 | 2.381 | 0.133 | |
Dev. Std. | 0.008 | 3.567 | 0.076 | 0.012 | |
H4x_10N Four passes | test 1 | 8.989 | 82.538 | 2.313 | 0.0844 |
test 2 | 8.95 | 77.065 | 2.481 | 0.0931 | |
test 3 | 8.96 | 76.15 | 2.399 | 0.0956 | |
Average | 8.9663 | 78.584 | 2.397 | 0.091 | |
Dev. Std. | 0.020 | 3.454 | 0.084 | 0.006 |
Test Number | Max Load (N) | Max Depth (µm) | Young’s Modulus (GPa) | Micro-Hardness (GPa) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
S2x_10N Two passes | test 1 | 8.998 | 63.57 | 2.4 | 0.129 |
test 2 | 8.973 | 60.872 | 2.519 | 0.137 | |
test 3 | 8.995 | 61.531 | 2.467 | 0.135 | |
Average | 8.988 | 61.991 | 2.462 | 0.133 | |
Dev. Std. | 0.014 | 1.407 | 0.060 | 0.004 | |
S4x_10N Four passes | test 1 | 8.959 | 71.058 | 2.24 | 0.108 |
test 2 | 8.984 | 70.089 | 2.273 | 0.111 | |
test 3 | 8.969 | 70.453 | 2.263 | 0.11 | |
Average | 8.970 | 70.533 | 2.258 | 0.109 | |
Dev. Std. | 0.013 | 0.489 | 0.017 | 0.002 |
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Mazurchevici, S.-N.; Bialas, O.; Mindru, T.D.; Adamiak, M.; Nedelcu, D. Characterization of Arboblend V2 Nature Textured Surfaces Obtained by Injection Molding. Polymers 2023, 15, 406. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15020406
Mazurchevici S-N, Bialas O, Mindru TD, Adamiak M, Nedelcu D. Characterization of Arboblend V2 Nature Textured Surfaces Obtained by Injection Molding. Polymers. 2023; 15(2):406. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15020406
Chicago/Turabian StyleMazurchevici, Simona-Nicoleta, Oktawian Bialas, Teodor Daniel Mindru, Marcin Adamiak, and Dumitru Nedelcu. 2023. "Characterization of Arboblend V2 Nature Textured Surfaces Obtained by Injection Molding" Polymers 15, no. 2: 406. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15020406