Oxidative Depolymerization of Alkaline Lignin from Pinus Pinaster by Oxygen and Air for Value-Added Bio-Sourced Synthons
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Lignins Oxidative Depolymerization Procedure
2.3. Purification Procedure
2.4. Lignin Characterizations
2.5. Instruments Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characteristics of Technical Lignins
3.2. Influence of O2 Pressure on the Oxidative Depolymerization of Alkaline Lignin
3.3. Influence of Temperature on the Oxidative Depolymerization of Alkaline Lignin
3.4. Oxidative Depolymerization of Alkaline Lignin with Air
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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LN1 | LN2 | Kraft Lignin * | |
---|---|---|---|
Purity (%) (Klason + ASL) | 95 | 97 | 98 |
Ashes (%) | 1 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
Mn (g/mol) | 3400 | 3900 | 2000–20,000 |
Ð | 4.5 | 3.6 | 2–4 |
Aliphatic OH ratio (mmol/g) | 1.32 | 1.41 | 1.65 |
Phenolic ratio (mmol/g) | 2.08 | 1.61 | 3.25 |
COOH ratio (mmol/g) | 0.27 | 0.36 | 0.17 |
Lignin Fraction | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
O2 Pressure (Bar) | 2 | 5 | 10 | |
Oxygen Equivalent | 5 | 12 | 24 | |
Volatile ratio (%) | 0 | 9.7 | 32.3 | |
Yield (%) | LNP | 69 | 41.3 | 12.2 |
COOH content (mmol/g) | 1.65 | 2.04 | 2.27 | |
Mn (g/mol) | 1700 | 1300 | 900 | |
Ð | 1.9 | 2.5 | 2.4 | |
Yield (%) | LNW | 31.2 | 49 | 55.5 |
COOH content (mmol/g) | 0.93 | 1.40 | 1.64 | |
Mn | 1700 | 3100 | 2000 | |
Ð | 1.8 | 1.2 | 1.4 |
Lignin Fraction | |||
---|---|---|---|
Temperature | 180 | 120 | |
Volatile ratio (%) | 32.3 | 1 | |
Yield (%) | LNP | 12.2 | 37.5 |
COOH content (mmol/g) | 2.27 | 1.80 | |
Mn (g/mol) | 900 | 2800 | |
Ð | 2.4 | 2.1 | |
Yield (%) | LNW | 55.5 | 59.5 |
COOH content (mmol/g) | 1.64 | 1.15 | |
Mn | 2000 | 2200 | |
Ð | 1.4 | 2.0 |
Lignin Fraction | |||
---|---|---|---|
Lignin sample | LN1 | LN2 | |
Volatile ratio (%) | 1 | 0 | |
Yield (%) | LNP | 37.5 | 40 |
COOH content (mmol/g) | 1.80 | 1.87 | |
Mn (g/mol) | 2800 | 2200 | |
Ð | 2.1 | 1.7 | |
Yield (%) | LNW | 59.5 | 58 |
COOH content (mmol/g) | 1.15 | 2.76 | |
Mn (g/mol) | 2200 | 1500 | |
Ð | 2.0 | 1.5 |
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Camus, M.; Condassamy, O.; Ham-Pichavant, F.; Michaud, C.; Mastroianni, S.; Mignani, G.; Grau, E.; Cramail, H.; Grelier, S. Oxidative Depolymerization of Alkaline Lignin from Pinus Pinaster by Oxygen and Air for Value-Added Bio-Sourced Synthons. Polymers 2021, 13, 3725. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13213725
Camus M, Condassamy O, Ham-Pichavant F, Michaud C, Mastroianni S, Mignani G, Grau E, Cramail H, Grelier S. Oxidative Depolymerization of Alkaline Lignin from Pinus Pinaster by Oxygen and Air for Value-Added Bio-Sourced Synthons. Polymers. 2021; 13(21):3725. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13213725
Chicago/Turabian StyleCamus, Martin, Olivia Condassamy, Frédérique Ham-Pichavant, Christelle Michaud, Sergio Mastroianni, Gérard Mignani, Etienne Grau, Henri Cramail, and Stéphane Grelier. 2021. "Oxidative Depolymerization of Alkaline Lignin from Pinus Pinaster by Oxygen and Air for Value-Added Bio-Sourced Synthons" Polymers 13, no. 21: 3725. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13213725