Heterogeneous Biocatalysts Prepared by Immuring Enzymatic Active Components inside Silica Xerogel and Nanocarbons-In-Silica Composites
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Procedure for Immuring Enzymatic Active Substances Inside Silica Xerogel and Nanocarbons-In-SilicaComposites
2.2. Selection of the Optimal Compositions of the Biocatalysts
3. Texture of the Biocatalysts
4. Heterogeneous Whole-Cell and Lysates-Based Biocatalysts
4.1. Glucose Isomerase-Active Biocatalyst
4.2. Invertase-Active Biocatalyst
4.3. Lipase-Active Biocatalyst
5. Materials and Methods
5.1. Enzymatic Active Substances
5.1.1. Glucose Isomerase Active Component of the Biocatalysts
5.1.2. Invertase Active Component of the Biocatalysts
5.1.3. Lipase Active Component of the Biocatalysts
5.2. Silica Hydrogel and Nanocarbon Materials
5.3. Biocatalytic Processes of Substrate Conversion
5.3.1. Substrates and Reagents
5.3.2. Monosaccharide (Glucose, Fructose) Isomerization
5.3.3. Sucrose Inversion
5.3.4. Interesterification of Oil-Fat Blends
5.3.5. Interesterification of Vegetable Oil with Ethyl Acetate
5.3.6. Esterification of Fatty Acids with Aliphatic Alcohols
6. Main Equipment
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CNT | carbon nanotube, multi-walled |
CNF | carbon nanofiber |
CNS | carbon nanosphere, onion-like |
EAC | enzymatic active component of the heterogeneous biocatalyst |
GI | glucose isomerase |
INV | invertase |
LIP | lipase |
U | Unit of enzyme activity defined as μmols of conversed substrate per minute under the conditions described |
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Microorganism | Biocatalytical Process | Optimal Composition, w/w % | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Microbial Biomass | СоxOy | Maltodextrin | Carbon Nanotubes | SiO2 | ||
S. cerevisiae | Sucrose inversion | 60–80 | 0 | 0 | 5–10 | 20–30 |
A. nicotianae | Glucose/fructose isomerization | 10–15 | 20–40 | 0 | 0 | 45–70 |
rE. coli/xyl | 35–40 | 10–40 | 0 | 0–5 | 20–40 | |
rE. coli/lip | Tributyrin hydrolysis | 35–40 | 0 | 0 | 5–10 | 50–55 |
Interesterification | 35–40 | 0 | 10–20 | 0 | 40–55 |
Microorganism | Biocatalyst Composition, w/w % of Dry Substances | Ssp.BET, m2/g | VΣ, cm3/g | Dpore, nm | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biomass | SiO2 | CoSO4 | CoxOy | ||||
S. cerevisiae | 15 | 85 | 250 | 0.6 | 22 | ||
20 | 80 | 220 | 0.9 | 15 | |||
60 | 40 | 100 | 0.6 | 22 | |||
80 | 20 | 35 | 0.4 | 36 | |||
A. nicotianae | 15 | 85 | 0.06 | 230 | 0.9 | 15 | |
10 | 50 | 40 | 175 | 0.6 | 13 | ||
rE. coli/xyl | 40 | 40 | 20 | 75 | 0.35 | 19 | |
rE. coli/lip | 40 | 60 | 90 | 0.6 | 25 |
Type of Included Nanocarbon * (Ssp.BET of Nanocarbons) | Baker Yeast Autolysate-Based Biocatalysts | rE. coli/lip Lysate-Based Biocatalysts | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Ssp.BET, m2/g | Dpore, nm | Ssp.BET, m2/g | Dpore, nm | |
Without nanocarbons | 110 | 11 | 105 | 31 |
Carbon nanotubes CNT1 (320 m2/g) | 105 | 19 | 90 | 25 |
Carbon nanofibers CNF (160 m2/g) | 60 | 12 | ||
Carbon nanospheres CNS1 (485 m2/g) | 95 | 11 | 110 | 22 |
Nanodiamond ND (325 m2/g) | 80 | 14 |
Type of Nanocarbon Included in Content of 10 w/v % | Enzymatic Active Component | ||
---|---|---|---|
Partially Disrupted rE. сoli/lip Cells | Lysates of rE. сoli/lip Cells | His6×Lipase Purified * | |
Without nanocarbons | 210 | 870 | 510 |
Multi-walled CNT1s (5–11 nm in diameter) aggregated | 220 | 1050 | 120 |
Multi-walled CNT1s (5–11 nm in diameter) dispergated | 50 | 400 | 25 |
Multi-walled CNT2s (20–22 nm in diameter) aggregated | 250 | 870 | 260 |
Carbon onion-like nanospheres (5–6 nm in diameter) aggregated | 105 | 710 |
Type of Aggregated Nanocarbon Included ** | The Type of Reaction (Reaction Media) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Hydrolysis of Emulsified Tributyrin (Aqueous) | Interesterification in Oil-Fat Blends (Anhydrous) | Interesterification of Oil with Ethyl Acetate (in Hexane) | Esterification of Capric Acid with Isopentanol (in Hexane with Diethyl Ether) | |
Without nanocarbons | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.3 |
CNT1 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.8 | |
CNT2 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
CNS1 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.4 | |
CNS2 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.5 |
Type of Nanocarbon | Diameter of Primary Particle, nm | Ssp.BET, m2/g |
---|---|---|
CNT1 | 9–11 | 320 |
CNT2 | 20–22 | 140 |
CNF | 20–60 | 160 |
CNS1 | 5–6 | 485 |
CNS2 | 8–10 | 250 |
ND | 4–6 | 325 |
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Kovalenko, G.A.; Perminova, L.V.; Beklemishev, A.B.; Parmon, V.N. Heterogeneous Biocatalysts Prepared by Immuring Enzymatic Active Components inside Silica Xerogel and Nanocarbons-In-Silica Composites. Catalysts 2018, 8, 177. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal8050177
Kovalenko GA, Perminova LV, Beklemishev AB, Parmon VN. Heterogeneous Biocatalysts Prepared by Immuring Enzymatic Active Components inside Silica Xerogel and Nanocarbons-In-Silica Composites. Catalysts. 2018; 8(5):177. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal8050177
Chicago/Turabian StyleKovalenko, Galina A., Larisa V. Perminova, Anatoly B. Beklemishev, and Valentin N. Parmon. 2018. "Heterogeneous Biocatalysts Prepared by Immuring Enzymatic Active Components inside Silica Xerogel and Nanocarbons-In-Silica Composites" Catalysts 8, no. 5: 177. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal8050177