Improving Satellite-Driven PM2.5 Models with VIIRS Nighttime Light Data in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area and Data
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Ground PM2.5 Measurements
2.3. Remote Sensing Data
2.3.1. MODIS 3 km AOD Products and Calibration
2.3.2. NDVI Data
2.3.3. VIIRS NTL and Urban Index Based on NTL
2.4. Meteorological Data
3. Method
3.1. Model Development
3.2. Model Validation
4. Results
4.1. Descriptive Statistics
4.2. Model Fitting and Validation
4.3. Annual and Seasonal Mean PM2.5 Concentrations
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Mean | SD | Min | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|
PM2.5 (μg/m3) | 55.20 | 42.07 | 1.50 | 304.75 |
MODIS AOD | 0.71 | 0.48 | 0.03 | 3.75 |
NTL | 0.22 | 0.17 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
NDVI | 0.42 | 0.14 | 0.00 | 0.88 |
VANUI | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.00 | 0.69 |
WS (m/s) | 2.90 | 1.56 | 0.14 | 10.76 |
PS (hPa) | 977.19 | 31.34 | 859.94 | 1032.00 |
RH (%) | 33 | 14 | 8 | 87 |
PBLH (m) | 1636.88 | 623.41 | 237.23 | 3704.75 |
Models | Fixed Intercept | SE of Fixed Intercept | Fixed Slopes of AOD | SE of Fixed AOD Slopes | SE of the Random Intercepts | SE of the Random AOD Slopes | AIC | BIC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Meteor_LME | 24.78 | 14.95 | 27.30 | 2.75 | 23.24 | 26.59 | 33,069.15 | 33,130.95 |
NDVI_LME | 7.71 | 15.44 | 28.55 | 2.73 | 23.70 | 26.15 | 33,052.28 | 33,125.97 |
NTL_LME | 8.82 | 15.45 | 28.29 | 2.72 | 23.76 | 26.12 | 33,051.80 | 33,120.26 |
VANUI_LME | 24.57 | 15.07 | 27.33 | 2.74 | 23.24 | 26.58 | 33,071.13 | 33,139.12 |
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Zhang, X.; Hu, H. Improving Satellite-Driven PM2.5 Models with VIIRS Nighttime Light Data in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region, China. Remote Sens. 2017, 9, 908. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9090908
Zhang X, Hu H. Improving Satellite-Driven PM2.5 Models with VIIRS Nighttime Light Data in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region, China. Remote Sensing. 2017; 9(9):908. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9090908
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Xiya, and Haibo Hu. 2017. "Improving Satellite-Driven PM2.5 Models with VIIRS Nighttime Light Data in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region, China" Remote Sensing 9, no. 9: 908. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9090908