Satellite Survey of Internal Waves in the Black and Caspian Seas
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Areas
2.1. The Caspian Sea
- The Caspian Sea is divided into three, approximately equal, parts: North, Middle and South.
- The most characteristic features of bottom topography are big shallow water areas in North, and deep areas in Middle and South Caspian.
- The temperature regime of the Caspian Sea is rather unusual. On the one hand, it is characterized by considerable differences in wintertime temperature between North and South, and, on the other hand, by equalizing the temperatures in summertime. Seasonal oscillations of water temperatures are more pronounced in Middle Caspian. In North Caspian, there is no water temperature stratification due to its shallowness.
- The most typical hydrometeorological feature of the Caspian Sea is the winds that induce 8–10 m high and up to 100–150 m long strong waves throughout November to March in Middle Caspian.
- Well-pronounced atmospheric-forced motions are common. Seiches-like oscillations (amplitudes up to 35 cm, periods from 8–10 min to several hours) occur often [28]. The currents are primarily wind-generated. Horizontal dynamics is characterized by predominating cyclonic circulation at the sea center and by generation of separate local eddies [29].
2.2. The Black Sea
3. Data and Methods
3.1. Data and Data Processing
3.2. Basics of SMIWs in Sea Surface Radar Imagery
4. Results
4.1. Radar Observations of IWs in the Caspian Sea
4.1.1. Parameters of IWs Derived from Satellite Data
4.1.2. Spatial and Seasonal Variability of SMIWs in the Caspian Sea
4.2. Satellite Observations of IWs in the Black Sea
4.2.1. SMIWs near the Danube Delta
4.2.2. IWs near the Crimean Peninsula
4.2.3. IWs in the Eastern Black Sea
4.2.4. IWs in the Northeastern Black Sea
- Area near the Kerch Strait between isobaths 50 and 150 m.
- Area near the Anapa-Gelendjik coastal line.
- Area 45–50 km southwest off the Novorossiisk-Tuapse coastline between isobaths 1300 and 2000 m.
5. Discussion
5.1. Effect of Sea Water Stratification on Detectability of IWs in Radar Imagery
5.2. Predominating Mechanisms of IW Generation in Inner Seas
- IWs in the Black Sea area adjacent to the Kerch Strait are often generated by moving hydrological fronts. The Kerch Strait water exchange with the Black Sea is determined by the wind flows over the strait. The water level slopes from the Black to the Azov Sea under the impact of the winds blowing from the south. Under south winds, a front of salty and cold Black Sea waters can form and move towards the Kerch Strait. In satellite images, we often see SMIWs moving ahead of the front. A typical example of SMIWs generated by a cold seawater front and moving ahead of it is shown in Figure 17. This figure presents an SST chart derived from NOAA AVHRR data taken at a relatively close time to the moment of ASAR image acquisition. A thermal front separating two water masses is clearly seen. The red rectangle marks the location of IW trains propagating ahead of the front above the depths of 50–70 m. Each IW train in the Envisat ASAR image contains more than 10 waves with an average wave length of 300–400 m. The IWs trains interact nonlinearly. The SMIWs pattern is similar to tidal seas. However, these IWs are smaller in dimensions and considerably less intense in comparison to IWs in oceans and tidal seas.
- In near-coastal waters (Region II), IW generation can be attributed to a storm surge or relaxation of upwelling.
- Combined analysis of radar and VIS/NIR data obtained within a small time interval shows that all SMIWs revealed over deep waters (Region III) are located near the edge of a mesoscale eddy or an eddy dipole.
5.3. IWs and Look-Alikes in Non-Tidal Seas
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
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Lavrova, O.; Mityagina, M. Satellite Survey of Internal Waves in the Black and Caspian Seas. Remote Sens. 2017, 9, 892. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9090892
Lavrova O, Mityagina M. Satellite Survey of Internal Waves in the Black and Caspian Seas. Remote Sensing. 2017; 9(9):892. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9090892
Chicago/Turabian StyleLavrova, Olga, and Marina Mityagina. 2017. "Satellite Survey of Internal Waves in the Black and Caspian Seas" Remote Sensing 9, no. 9: 892. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9090892