A New Radiometric Correction Method for Side-Scan Sonar Images in Consideration of Seabed Sediment Variation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Radiometric Distortion
2.1. TVG Residuals
2.2. Beam Patterns
2.3. Angular Response
3. Radiometric Correction
3.1. Correction of Along-Track TVG Residual
3.2. Correction of the Angle-Related Effect
3.2.1. Slant-Range Sequence to Angular Sequence
3.2.2. Unsupervised Sediment Classification
- (1)
- Transform two-dimension z-score image Iz to one-dimension vector V.
- (2)
- Use the k-means++ algorithm for the k cluster centers’ initialization of V.
- (3)
- Calculate the distance of each value in V to each centroid, and assign it to the cluster with the closest centroid.
- (4)
- Compute the average values of all the clusters to obtain k new centroid locations.
- (5)
- Repeat Steps 3 and 4 until the cluster assignments do not change and the distribution D of each value in V is obtained.
- (6)
- Transform vector D to two-dimension classification image ID.
- (1)
- Provide a large value (for example, k = 7) as the initial k.
- (2)
- Apply k-means++ on the z-score image with the initial k.
- (3)
- Calculate the center intensities and proportion of each sediment.
- (4)
- Remove the clusters whose proportion is less than 5%, and merge the clusters whose distance is less than 5% of the BS variation range. Then, a new k is obtained.
- (5)
- Repeat Steps 2–4 until k does not change.
3.2.3. Radiometric Correction
4. Process of Radiometric Distortion Correction for SSS Images
- (1)
- Use bottom line tracking to obtain the along-track sonar altitudes, calculate factor fh with Equation (2) at a given referencing sonar altitude, and remove the along-track TVG residual by multiplying BS with fh.
- (2)
- Transform the slant range to the incident angle and obtain angle–BS sequences.
- (3)
- Use the z-score to normalize the raw BSs and obtain the z-score image.
- (4)
- Apply the unsupervised cluster algorithm and obtain the distributions of different sediments.
- (5)
- Obtain the angle–BS curves of different sediments and implement radiometric correction.
- (6)
- Transform the corrected BS to the gray level and form a new SSS image.
5. Experiments and Analysis
5.1. Correction of Radiometric Distortion
5.2. Consistency Assessment
5.2.1. Co-Located Sediment Variation and Target
5.2.2. Co-Located BSs
6. Discussion
6.1. Application of the Proposed Method
6.2. Other Sediment Classification Algorithms
6.3. Other Influential Factors
6.4. Related Work in the Multibeam Sonar Aspect
7. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Zhao, J.; Yan, J.; Zhang, H.; Meng, J. A New Radiometric Correction Method for Side-Scan Sonar Images in Consideration of Seabed Sediment Variation. Remote Sens. 2017, 9, 575. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9060575
Zhao J, Yan J, Zhang H, Meng J. A New Radiometric Correction Method for Side-Scan Sonar Images in Consideration of Seabed Sediment Variation. Remote Sensing. 2017; 9(6):575. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9060575
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Jianhu, Jun Yan, Hongmei Zhang, and Junxia Meng. 2017. "A New Radiometric Correction Method for Side-Scan Sonar Images in Consideration of Seabed Sediment Variation" Remote Sensing 9, no. 6: 575. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9060575