Coupled Ground- and Space-Based Assessment of Regional Inundation Dynamics to Assess Impact of Local and Upstream Changes on Evaporation in Tropical Wetlands
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
3. Methodology
3.1. Space-Based Inundation Assessment
3.2. Ground-Based Inundation Assessment
Water Body | Water Body Type | 1st Drying | 1st Wetting | 2nd Drying | 2nd Wetting |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | permanent | no drying | no drying | no drying | no drying |
B | ephemeral | 09.09.2012 | 23.11.2012 | 22.09.2013 | 03.02.2014 |
C | floodplain | 19.06.2012 | 02.02.2013 | 26.06.2013 | 03.02.2014 |
D | floodplain | no inundation | 12.02.2013 | 25.04.2013 | 05.03.2014 |
F | ephemeral | 29.07.2012 | 26.11.2012 | 24.07.2013 | 13.12.2013 |
I | ephemeral | 08.08.2012 | 26.11.2012 | no drying | no drying |
M | ephemeral | 31.07.2012 | 16.10.2012 | 27.07.2013 | 02.10.2013 |
N | ephemeral | 25.07.2012 | 27.11.2012 | 15.08.2013 | 15.12.2013 |
S | permanent | no drying | no drying | no drying | no drying |
V | ephemeral | 02.07.2012 | 11.12.2012 | 24.05.2013 | 30.12.2013 |
3.3. Multivariate Logistic Regression Model
3.4. Dry and Wet Season Delineation for Evaporation Estimation
3.5. Impact of Local and Upstream Changes
Data | Data Source | Location/Station | Detailed Data Information |
---|---|---|---|
MODIS | LAABS/NASA | Pantanal area inside MODIS tile (Figure 1a, MODIS tile framed in red) | MODIS spectral indices |
Meteorological data | INMET | CGB, CAC, RON (Figure 1a, stations labeled in yellow) | Climate variables; Minor data gaps were filled with the weekly moving average of the other years, where data were existent; data of the station closest to each MODIS pixel, respectively, were used. |
Precipitation | TRMM | CGB basin (Figure 1a) | Mean precipitation of Cuiabá basin |
Precipitation | INMET | CGB, CAC, RON (Figure 1a, stations labeled in yellow) | stations, where at least seven out of the 13 years (2001–2013) of precipitation data were available |
Discharge | ANA Hidroweb database | BDB, POE, CGB, BAR, POC, CAC, COR, SFR, POM (Figure 1a,stations labeled in red) | Stations, where at least seven out of the 13 years (2001–2013) of discharge data were available |
Discharge loss | ANA Hidroweb database | BDB, POE, CGB, BAR, POC, CAC, COR, SFR, POM | Calculated differences of discharge between stations |
4. Results
4.1. Inundation Assessment
Predictor | β | SE β | CI | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | −13.02 | 11.082 | −1.175 | 0.2401 |
mNDWI | 27.284 | 11.93 | 2.287 | <0.01 |
NDVI | 52.043 | 11.106 | 4.686 | <0.001 |
EVI | −27.244 | 6.949 | −3.921 | <0.001 |
4.2. Evaporation Estimation
1st Year of Study Period | A | B | C | D | F | I | M | N | S | V | Mean |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AET [mm] derived from field data | 1839 | 1765 | 1199 | 877 | 1651 | 1682 | 1767 | 1638 | 1839 | 1510 | - |
AET [mm] derived from MODIS | 1543 | 1248 | 1605 | 1247 | 1474 | 1474 | 1548 | 1686 | 1543 | 1605 | - |
Difference [mm] | 296 | 517 | −406 | −370 | 177 | 208 | 219 | −48 | 296 | −96 | 79 |
Difference [%] | −16 | −29 | 34 | 42 | −11 | −12 | −12 | 3 | −16 | 6 | −1.2 |
2nd Year of Study Period | A | B | C | D | F | I | M | N | S | V | Mean |
AET [mm] derived from field data | 1757 | 1546 | 1188 | 754 | 1521 | 1757 | 1724 | 1581 | 1757 | 1204 | - |
AET [mm] derived from MODIS | 1557 | 1227 | 1644 | 781 | 1304 | 1371 | 1607 | 1644 | 1644 | 1439 | - |
Difference [mm] | 200 | 319 | −456 | −27 | 216 | 386 | 118 | −63 | 113 | −235 | 57 |
Difference [%] | −11 | −21 | 38 | 4 | −14 | −22 | −7 | 4 | −6 | 19 | −1.6 |
Year | Mean Hydroperiod [days] | AET Daily Mean [mm] | AET Yearly Mean [mm] | PET Yearly Mean [mm] | PET-AET [mm] | AET/PET [–] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2001 | 142 | 2.9 | 1066 | 1604 | 538 | 0.66 |
2002 | 149 | 3.1 | 1116 | 1630 | 514 | 0.68 |
2003 | 149 | 2.9 | 1051 | 1574 | 523 | 0.67 |
2004 | 132 | 2.7 | 993 | 1578 | 585 | 0.63 |
2005 | 151 | 3.0 | 1091 | 1580 | 490 | 0.69 |
2006 | 111 | 2.4 | 887 | 1541 | 654 | 0.58 |
2007 | 175 | 3.4 | 1223 | 1652 | 429 | 0.74 |
2008 | 180 | 3.4 | 1258 | 1690 | 432 | 0.74 |
2009 | 141 | 3.1 | 1146 | 1681 | 535 | 0.68 |
2010 | 118 | 3.0 | 1110 | 1823 | 713 | 0.61 |
2011 | 197 | 3.7 | 1359 | 1756 | 396 | 0.77 |
2012 | 128 | 3.3 | 1210 | 1873 | 664 | 0.65 |
2013 | 157 | 3.5 | 1260 | 1778 | 518 | 0.71 |
min | 111 | 2.4 | 887 | 1541 | 396 | 0.58 |
max | 197 | 3.7 | 1359 | 1873 | 713 | 0.77 |
4.3. Impact of Local and Upstream Changes
TRMM P | CGB P | CAC P | RON P | CGB Q | BAR Q | POC Q | COR Q | BDB Q | POE Q | CAC Q | SFR Q | POM Q | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r | −0.17 | 0.47 | −0.18 | −0.22 | −0.34 | −0.16 | −0.20 | 0.83 | −0.35 | −0.31 | −0.33 | −0.18 | −0.08 |
p | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.27 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
rwet | −0.07 | 0.56 | 0.00 | −0.26 | −0.24 | −0.05 | −0.25 | 0.88 | −0.15 | −0.19 | −0.18 | 0.43 | 0.61 |
pwet | 0.00 | 0.27 | 0.08 | 0.83 | 0.65 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.29 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
CGB-BAR Qloss | CGB-BAR QlossW | CGB-POC Qloss | CGB-POC QlossW | BDB-POE Qloss | BDB-POE QlossW | BDB-CAC Qloss | BDB-CAC QlossW | BDB- SFR Qloss | BDB- SFR QlossW | BDB- POM Qloss | BDB- POM QlossW | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r | 0.69 | 0.38 | 0.82 | 0.55 | 0.37 | −0.06 | −0.29 | −0.14 | −0.15 | 0.48 | −0.04 | 0.65 |
p | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
5. Discussion
5.1. Use of MODIS and Remotely Sensed Indices
5.2. Inundation Assessment
5.3. Evaporation Estimation
5.4. Model Weaknesses and Description of Uncertainties
5.5. Impact of Local and Upstream Changes
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Appendix 1: Calculation of Daily AET Based on Water Availability after Schwerdtfeger et al. (2014)
Appendix 2: Time Series of Data Used for Investigating Impact of Local and Upstream Changes
Year | TRMM [mm] | TRMMwet [mm] | CGB [mm] | CGBwet [mm] | CAC [mm] | CACwet [mm] | RON [mm] | RONwet [mm] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2001 | 1815 | 1453 | 1226 | 1073 | 1292 | 1131 | 1137 | 926 |
2002 | 1671 | 1354 | 1173 | 988 | 974 | 744 | 1214 | 1151 |
2003 | 1772 | 1470 | 1372 | 1113 | 1094 | 948 | 1290 | 1016 |
2004 | 1696 | 1465 | 1177 | 967 | 1136 | 914 | 1396 | 1178 |
2005 | 1510 | 1299 | 967 | 829 | 1199 | 1088 | 1246 | 1120 |
2006 | 1773 | 1485 | 1518 | 1193 | 1404 | 1175 | 1528 | 1379 |
2007 | 1613 | 1444 | 1604 | 1404 | 1283 | 1161 | 1250 | 1091 |
2008 | 1594 | 1320 | no data | no data | 1326 | 1198 | 1527 | 1193 |
2009 | 1849 | 1438 | no data | no data | 1255 | 987 | 1443 | 1216 |
2010 | 1443 | 1335 | 1597 | 1474 | 1347 | 1211 | 1283 | 1206 |
2011 | 1755 | 1567 | 1673 | 1467 | 1230 | 1120 | 1147 | 1103 |
2012 | 1670 | 1243 | 1620 | 1231 | 981 | 817 | 1514 | 1225 |
2013 | 1659 | 1425 | 1525 | 1322 | 1091 | 905 | 1300 | 1111 |
min | 1443 | 1243 | 967 | 829 | 974 | 744 | 1137 | 926 |
max | 1849 | 1567 | 1673 | 1474 | 1404 | 1211 | 1528 | 1379 |
Year | CGB [m3/s] | BAR [m3/s] | POC [m3/s] | COR [m3/s] | BDB [m3/s] | POE [m3/s] | CAC [m3/s] | SFR [m3/s] | POM [m3/s] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2001 | 238 | 243 | 251 | 91 | 119 | 150 | 497 | 1264 | 1443 |
2002 | 433 | 439 | 390 | 97 | 159 | 195 | 587 | 1748 | 2066 |
2003 | 420 | 453 | 388 | 95 | 182 | 213 | 612 | 1701 | 2009 |
2004 | 396 | 389 | 349 | 88 | 141 | 165 | 510 | 1502 | 1742 |
2005 | 309 | 345 | 332 | 60 | 108 | 135 | 462 | 1330 | 1499 |
2006 | 497 | 498 | 428 | 17 | 178 | 214 | 628 | 1928 | 2225 |
2007 | 321 | 381 | 383 | 296 | 140 | 180 | 558 | 1756 | 2128 |
2008 | 419 | 455 | no data | no data | 134 | no data | 516 | no data | no data |
2009 | no data | 402 | no data | no data | 130 | no data | 435 | no data | no data |
2010 | no data | 390 | no data | no data | 178 | no data | 542 | no data | no data |
2011 | 368 | 407 | no data | no data | 148 | no data | 544 | no data | no data |
2012 | 273 | 318 | no data | no data | 100 | no data | 394 | no data | no data |
2013 | 356 | 380 | no data | no data | no data | no data | no data | no data | no data |
min | 238 | 243 | 251 | 17 | 100 | 135 | 394 | 1264 | 1443 |
max | 497 | 498 | 428 | 296 | 182 | 214 | 628 | 1928 | 2225 |
Year | CGB [m3/s] | BAR [m3/s] | POC [m3/s] | COR [m3/s] | BDB [m3/s] | POE [m3/s] | CAC [m3/s] | SFR [m3/s] | POM [m3/s] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2001 | 847 | 569 | 448 | 118 | 301 | 335 | 989 | 1287 | 1503 |
2002 | 1385 | 919 | 583 | 133 | 458 | 519 | 1174 | 1962 | 1957 |
2003 | 1157 | 870 | 577 | 127 | 494 | 501 | 1189 | 1478 | 1504 |
2004 | 1031 | 831 | 565 | 118 | 356 | 391 | 1010 | 1426 | 1555 |
2005 | 1039 | 825 | 552 | 101 | 343 | 377 | 989 | 1404 | 1646 |
2006 | 1447 | 986 | 649 | 41 | 467 | 516 | 1214 | 1735 | 1730 |
2007 | 907 | 781 | 597 | 277 | 372 | 437 | 1184 | 2094 | 2205 |
2008 | 1275 | 938 | no data | no data | 420 | no data | 1036 | no data | no data |
2009 | no data | 829 | no data | no data | 371 | no data | 795 | no data | no data |
2010 | no data | 849 | no data | no data | 485 | no data | 1208 | no data | no data |
2011 | 1196 | 890 | no data | no data | 441 | no data | 1156 | no data | no data |
2012 | 729 | 656 | no data | no data | 229 | no data | 675 | no data | no data |
2013 | 1057 | 898 | no data | no data | no data | no data | no data | no data | no data |
min | 729 | 569 | 448 | 41 | 229 | 335 | 675 | 1287 | 1503 |
max | 1447 | 986 | 649 | 277 | 494 | 519 | 1214 | 2094 | 2205 |
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Schwerdtfeger, J.; Da Silveira, S.W.G.; Zeilhofer, P.; Weiler, M. Coupled Ground- and Space-Based Assessment of Regional Inundation Dynamics to Assess Impact of Local and Upstream Changes on Evaporation in Tropical Wetlands. Remote Sens. 2015, 7, 9769-9795. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs70809769
Schwerdtfeger J, Da Silveira SWG, Zeilhofer P, Weiler M. Coupled Ground- and Space-Based Assessment of Regional Inundation Dynamics to Assess Impact of Local and Upstream Changes on Evaporation in Tropical Wetlands. Remote Sensing. 2015; 7(8):9769-9795. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs70809769
Chicago/Turabian StyleSchwerdtfeger, Julia, Sérgio Wagner Gripp Da Silveira, Peter Zeilhofer, and Markus Weiler. 2015. "Coupled Ground- and Space-Based Assessment of Regional Inundation Dynamics to Assess Impact of Local and Upstream Changes on Evaporation in Tropical Wetlands" Remote Sensing 7, no. 8: 9769-9795. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs70809769