The Spread of Multiple Droughts in Different Seasons and Its Dynamic Changes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
- Temperature
- 2.
- Precipitation
- 3.
- Solar Radiation and Sunshine Hours
- 4.
- Ecological Environment
2.2. Data Description
2.2.1. Digital Elevation Model (DEM) Data
2.2.2. Land Use Data
2.2.3. Soil Data
2.2.4. Precipitation Data
2.2.5. Evapotranspiration Data
2.2.6. Runoff Data
2.2.7. NDVI Data
2.3. Methods
2.3.1. HRU and Runoff Simulation
2.3.2. Drought Index
2.3.3. NDVI
2.3.4. Identification and Characterization of 3D Drought Events
- Drought duration () is characterized as the period between the onset and cessation of a drought event, measured in months.
- A drought area () can be described as the area that has been impacted by a drought event, defined as the union of affected areas per month.
- Drought severity () measures the intensity of drought events, which reflects the cumulative absolute deviation between the drought index and the normal state threshold (−0.5) in the sub-watershed involved in the entire drought duration. It is expressed as:
- Drought density () is given by the proportion of drought intensity to the multiplication of drought duration and area to measure the density of drought events.
- Drought centroid () is utilized to denote the center location of the 2D drought patch during the drought event. The centroid coordinates are determined by the weighted drought index value and are expressed as follows:
2.3.5. Analysis of Drought Propagation Relationship
3. Results
3.1. Evaluation of Small Basin Scale Runoff
3.2. Spatial-Temporal Distribution of Three-Dimensional Drought Events
3.3. Spatial-Temporal Characteristics of Drought Events
3.4. Response Characteristics of Meteorological Drought, Hydrological Drought and Vegetation
3.4.1. Response Time of Hydrological Drought to Meteorological Drought
3.4.2. Response Time of Vegetation Drought to Meteorological and Hydrological Drought
3.4.3. Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Hydrological Response to Meteorological Drought
3.4.4. Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Vegetation Response to Meteorological and Hydrological Drought
3.5. Dynamic Relationship among Meteorology, Hydrology and Vegetation Drought
3.5.1. Cross-Wavelet Transform and Wavelet Coherence between the SRI and the SPI/EDDI
3.5.2. Cross-Wavelet Transform and Wavelet Coherence between the NDVI and the SPI/EDDI/SRI
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Drought Category | SPI Value | nEDDI Value | SRI Value | Probability (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Wet | SPI > −0.50 | nEDDI > −0.50 | SRI > −0.50 | 50.0 |
Mild drought | −1.00 < SPI ≤ −0.50 | −1.00 < nEDDI ≤ −0.50 | −1.00 < SRI ≤ −0.50 | 34.1 |
Moderate drought | −1.50 < SPI ≤ −1.00 | −1.50 < nEDDI ≤ −1.00 | −1.50 < SRI ≤ −1.00 | 9.2 |
Severe drought | −2.00 < SPI ≤ −1.50 | −2.00 < nEDDI ≤ −1.50 | −2.00 < SRI ≤ −1.50 | 4.4 |
Extreme drought | SPI ≤ −2.00 | nEDDI ≤ −2.00 | SRI ≤ −2.00 | 2.3 |
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Zhu, S.; Huang, W.; Luo, X.; Guo, J.; Yuan, Z. The Spread of Multiple Droughts in Different Seasons and Its Dynamic Changes. Remote Sens. 2023, 15, 3848. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15153848
Zhu S, Huang W, Luo X, Guo J, Yuan Z. The Spread of Multiple Droughts in Different Seasons and Its Dynamic Changes. Remote Sensing. 2023; 15(15):3848. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15153848
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhu, Shuang, Wenying Huang, Xiangang Luo, Jun Guo, and Zhe Yuan. 2023. "The Spread of Multiple Droughts in Different Seasons and Its Dynamic Changes" Remote Sensing 15, no. 15: 3848. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15153848