A Novel Method for Monitoring Tropical Cyclones’ Movement Using GNSS Zenith Tropospheric Delay
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Estimation of ZTD Derived from GNSS and ERA5 Dataset
2.2. Estimation of PWV from Radiosonde Datasets
2.3. Estimation of Tropical Cyclones’ Movement Using ZTD Datasets
- (1)
- The v is constant
- (2)
- The v is changeable
2.4. Data Source and Date Processing
- (1)
- ERA5 pressure, temperature and specific humidity grids with a spatial resolution of 0.25° × 0.25° and a temporal resolution of an hour at 37 height levels in 2017 (https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/#!/home, accessed on 22 May 2023);
- (2)
- Post-processed ZTD time series with a temporal resolution of 5 min over GNSS stations from the International GNSS Service (IGS) in 2017 (https://cddis.nasa.gov/archive/gnss/products/troposphere/zpd, accessed on 22 May 2023);
- (3)
- RS data with a time resolution of 12 h from the University of Wyoming’s department of atmospheric sciences in 2017 (http://weather.uwyo.edu/upperair/sounding.html, accessed on 22 May 2023);
- (4)
- The track and intensity analyses from the Tropical Cyclone Best Track (TCBT) dataset [47,48] provided by CMA in 2017 (http://tcdata.typhoon.org.cn, accessed on 22 May 2023);
3. Results
3.1. Comparison of ERA5-ZTD and IGS-ZTD Variations
3.2. Comparison of ERA5-ZTD and RS-PWV Variations
3.3. Relationship between the Spatio-Temporal Distribution of ZTD and the Movement of Tropical Cyclones
3.4. Estimation of Tropical Cyclone’s Movement Using ZTD
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Station | East Longitude (°) | North Latitude (°) | Elevation (m) |
---|---|---|---|
BJFS | 115.89 | 39.60 | 87.5 |
CHAN | 125.44 | 43.79 | 273.2 |
CKSV | 120.22 | 22.99 | 59.7 |
HKSL | 113.92 | 22.37 | 95.3 |
HKWS | 114.33 | 22.43 | 63.8 |
JFNG | 114.49 | 30.51 | 71.3 |
KMNM | 118.38 | 24.46 | 49.1 |
SHAO | 121.20 | 31.09 | 22.0 |
TWTF | 121.16 | 24.95 | 201.5 |
TCMS | 120.98 | 24.79 | 77.2 |
Station | Bias (mm) | RMS (mm) | STD (mm) |
---|---|---|---|
BJFS | 5.1 | 17.2 | 16.4 |
CHAN | 5.4 | 13.0 | 11.9 |
CKSV | 8.1 | 19.3 | 17.5 |
HKSL | 7.8 | 15.7 | 13.7 |
HKWS | 7.3 | 15.9 | 14.1 |
JFNG | 5.7 | 17.5 | 16.5 |
KMNM | 7.5 | 16.8 | 15.0 |
SHAO | 8.1 | 19.2 | 17.3 |
TWTF | 1.4 | 17.3 | 17.3 |
TCMS | 7.2 | 19.5 | 18.1 |
Mean | 6.4 | 17.1 | 15.78 |
Station Number | East Longitude (°) | North Latitude (°) | Elevation (m) |
---|---|---|---|
50527 | 119.70 | 49.25 | 653.3 |
59280 | 113.08 | 23.70 | 78.0 |
53614 | 106.20 | 38.46 | 1112.0 |
54857 | 120.33 | 36.06 | 77.0 |
Tropical Cyclone | Approaching Velocity (km/h) | Leaving Velocity (km/h) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model #1 | Model #2 | Reference | Model #1 | Model #2 | Reference | |
Merbok | 15.32 | 16.35 | 22.25 | 19.48 | 20.51 | 24.61 |
ROKE | 19.47 | 22.06 | 24.38 | 27.38 | 26.12 | 26.47 |
Neast | 15.31 | 15.10 | 15.22 | 36.08 | 31.58 | 33.67 |
Hato | 27.61 | 28.71 | 31.24 | 33.79 | 29.64 | 26.66 |
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Lian, D.; He, Q.; Li, L.; Zhang, K.; Fu, E.; Li, G.; Wang, R.; Gao, B.; Song, K. A Novel Method for Monitoring Tropical Cyclones’ Movement Using GNSS Zenith Tropospheric Delay. Remote Sens. 2023, 15, 3247. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15133247
Lian D, He Q, Li L, Zhang K, Fu E, Li G, Wang R, Gao B, Song K. A Novel Method for Monitoring Tropical Cyclones’ Movement Using GNSS Zenith Tropospheric Delay. Remote Sensing. 2023; 15(13):3247. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15133247
Chicago/Turabian StyleLian, Dajun, Qimin He, Li Li, Kefei Zhang, Erjiang Fu, Guangyan Li, Rui Wang, Biqing Gao, and Kangming Song. 2023. "A Novel Method for Monitoring Tropical Cyclones’ Movement Using GNSS Zenith Tropospheric Delay" Remote Sensing 15, no. 13: 3247. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15133247