The Development of Building Energy Conservation in China: A Review and Critical Assessment from the Perspective of Policy and Institutional System
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
- National laws
- Regulations of the State Council
- Implementation suggestions and regulations
- Capital subsidies and preferential policies
- National and industrial standards
- Plans and programs
- Statistical Yearbooks and Statistical Bulletins
- National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC)
- Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development (MOHURD)
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT)
- General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ)
- National Energy Conservation Center (NECC)
- National Government Offices Administration (NGOA)
- Ministry of Finance (MOF)
- State Administration of Taxation (SAT)
3. Government Authorities for Building Energy Conservation
4. Policy System of Building Energy Conservation
4.1. National Laws
4.2. Regulations of the State Council
4.3. Department Rules, Standards and Plans
4.3.1. Department Rules
A. Implementation Suggestions and Regulations
B. Capital Subsidies and Preferential Policies
4.3.2. National Standards and Industrial Standards
4.3.3. Plans and Programs
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Title | Date of Issue | Date of Implementation | Related Contents | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|
Energy Conservation Law [22] | 1 November 1997 28 October 2007 (Revision) 2 July 2016 (Revision) | 1 January 1998 | The Construction Department in the State Council is responsible for the supervision and management of building energy conservation. The State shall implement the energy conservation evaluation and examination system for investment projects of fixed asset. The construction, design and supervision units of construction projects shall comply with the standards for building energy efficiency. It encourages the use of new wall materials and other energy conservation building materials and energy conservation equipment in the transformation of new buildings and existing buildings. It encourages the installation and use of solar energy and other renewable energy utilization systems. | The first national law about energy conservation. It confirms the strategic position of energy conservation in the development of national economic and society. However, the institutions of law enforcement are not clear. The corresponding rights and obligations need to be specified. |
Cleaner Production Promotion Law [23] | 29 June 2002 29 June 2012 (Revision) | 1 January 2003 | This law requires that the construction project should adopt architectural design schemes and building decoration materials and construction fittings and equipment which in accordance with energy conservation, water conservation and resource protection. | It has some requirements from the whole-life-cycle perspective. As a promotion law, it contains many recommended terms. |
Renewable Energy Law [24] | 28 February 2005 | 1 January 2006 | Units and individuals are encouraged to install and use solar water heating systems, solar heating and cooling systems, solar photovoltaic power systems. The technical and economic policies and technical specifications of combining solar energy utilization system with building shall be formulated by the construction administrative departments and the relevant departments under the State Council. | Renewable Energy Law is beneficial to achieve energy conservation from the input side. However, the social acceptance, especially solar PV should be strengthened. |
Circular Economy Promotion Law [25] | 29 August 2008 | 1 January 2009 | The units of building design and construction shall use energy conservation technologies for the design and construction of buildings and structures according to relevant state regulations and standards. Renewable energy, such as solar energy, geothermal energy, wind energy, etc., should be fully utilized in the areas with conditions. | It has some requirements from the whole-life-cycle perspective. As a promotion law, it contains l many recommended terms. |
Construction Law [26] | 22 April 2011 | 1 July 2011 | The State supports the research of building science and technology to improve the level of housing design, encourage energy conservation and environmental protection. The State encourages the use of advanced technology and equipment, new building materials, and modern management. | The first specific law about buildings. However, contents related to building energy conservation are not the major role. |
Title | Date of Issue | Date of Implementation | Related Contents | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|
Provisional Regulation of Management for Energy Conservation [27] | 12 January 1986 | 1 April 1986 | In building design stage, the shape and orientation of the building shall be properly determined, improve the envelope, choose low energy facilities, reduce energy use for lighting, heating and cooling. The central heating system should be used in all newly built heating residential buildings and public buildings. | The first regulation of the State Council related to building energy conservation. Energy saving measures are stipulated in various aspects. |
Regulation on the Administration for Environmental Protection of Construction Projects [28] | 18 November 1998 17 April 2016 (Revision) | 29 November 1998 | The clean production process, which has low energy and material consumption and less generation of pollutants, should be used in industrial construction projects. Natural resources should be utilized reasonably, environmental pollution and ecological damage should be prevented. | It was formulated to prevent pollution from the construction projects, as well as resource conservation. However, energy conservation is not the core. |
Regulation on Quality Management of Construction Projects [29] | 30 January 2000 | 30 January 2000 | It specifies the responsibilities and obligations of the construction units, survey units, design units, construction units, engineering supervision units in the aspect of construction quality. | It was formulated to ensure the quality of construction projects. |
Regulation on Energy Conservation of State-funded Institutions [30] | 23 July 2008 | 1 October 2008 | NGOA is responsible for promoting, guiding, coordinating and supervising of energy conservation for public institutions. Public institutions should strengthen the management of energy use, reduce energy use, eliminate energy waste, and make effective and rational use of energy. | The regulation related to energy conservation of public institutions, which has obvious effect due to the attribute of the building. |
Regulation on Energy Conservation of Civil Buildings [31] | 1 August 2008 | 1 October 2008 | The construction department MHURD is responsible for the supervision and administration of civil building energy conservation. Civil building energy conservation includes energy conservation of new buildings, energy conservation of existing buildings, and energy conservation of operation for building energy systems. | The regulation related to energy conservation of civic buildings. The major field needs to be specified since there are many civil buildings. |
Title | Department of Issue | Date of Issue | Related Contents |
---|---|---|---|
Guidance on the Development of Energy and Land Saving Houses and Public Buildings [32] | MHURD | 31 May 2005 | By 2020, the new buildings should achieve 65% of energy-saving and existing buildings should complete energy-saving reconstruction in North China and the economically developed coastal areas and large cities. The total consumption of non-renewable resources in new buildings will decrease 20% at the level of 2010. |
Regulation on Energy Conservation Management of Civil Buildings [33] | MHURD | 1 January 2006 | Construction department is responsible for the formulation of national and local building energy conservation plans and standards. The development of new technologies and products for building energy conservation is encouraged. The violations of the mandatory standards for building energy efficiency design will be punished. |
Implementation Suggestions on Strengthening the Administration of Energy Conservation in Office Buildings and Large-scale Public Buildings [34] | MHURD MOF | 23 October 2007 | Establish and improve the energy conservation supervision system of government office buildings and large-scale public buildings. Ensure the full implementation energy conservation mandatory standards of newly built buildings. Promote energy conservation operation and renovation of existing government office buildings and large-scale public buildings with high energy use. |
Notice on Renewable Energy Application Demonstration Projects of Urban Construction [35] | MOF MHURD | 6 July 2009 | The state organize renewable energy application demonstration projects of urban construction to promote the large-scale application of renewable energy in the building industry; Strengthen the supporting capacity such as technical standards to form an effective model of promoting renewable energy applications. |
Notice on Renewable Energy Application Demonstration Projects in Rural Areas [36] | MOF MOHURD | 6 July 2009 | The state support renewable energy construction applications in rural primary and secondary schools, the integrated application of renewable energy and building in counties (towns), rural residential buildings and health centers, et al. the State |
Notice on Further Promoting the Application of Renewable Energy in Buildings [37] | MOF MOHURD | 8 March 2011 | Raise the proportion of solar energy, geothermal energy, biomass energy and other renewable energy in building energy use. Renewable energy will account for more than 15% of building energy use by 2020. |
Notice on Further Promoting Energy Conservation of Public Buildings [38] | MOF MOHURD | 4 May 2011 | Strengthen energy conservation management of new public buildings. Develop the energy conservation supervision system of public buildings. Promote energy efficiency trading and energy performance contracting and other new energy conservation mechanism actively. |
Assessment Guidelines for Green Building Materials [39] | MOHURD MIIT | 14 October 2015 | Formulate seven evaluation technological requirements of green building materials, i.e., masonry materials, insulation materials, ready-mixed concrete, building energy-saving glass, ceramic brick, sanitary pottery, and ready-mixed mortar. |
Technical Guidelines for Passive Ultra-low Energy use Green Buildings (Trial Implementation in Residential Buildings) [40] | MOHURD | 10 November 2015 | Make clear the definition of the passive ultra-low energy use green building, the technical indexes of different climate regions and the technical emphasis of design, construction, operation and evaluation. This provides guidance for the construction of the national passive ultra-low energy use green buildings. |
Implementation Suggestions on Promoting Public Institutions to Save Energy and Resources, and Promoting the Construction of Ecological Civilization [41] | NGOA NDRC MOF | 30 December 2015 | The building energy conservation standards and the energy conservation evaluation assessment system of construction projects should be enforced strictly. Public buildings should take the lead in implementing green building standards. Promote the energy-saving renovation of existing buildings, facilities and equipment. Promote the application of new technology, new materials, new products, solar energy and other renewable energies for energy conversation and environment protection. |
The Interim Measures on Energy Audit Management of Public Institutions [42] | NDRC NGOA | 31 December 2015 | Public institutions and centralized offices with annual energy use more than 500 tce or annual power consumption more than 2 million kWh or construction area larger than 10 thousand m3 should carry out energy audits every 5 years and be subsumed into the scope of government procurement services. |
The Interim Measures on Acceptance and Operation Management of Provincial Energy use Monitoring Platform for Public Buildings [43] | MOHURD | 11 April 2016 | The acceptance evaluation of provincial energy use monitoring platform for public building is standardized. The conditions and procedures of acceptance is made clear to ensure the construction quality and operation efficiency of the provincial public building energy use monitoring platform. |
Energy Audit Guidelines for Public Institutions [44] | MOHURD | 2 December 2016 | Building energy audit mainly aim at monitor, diagnose and evaluate of building envelope, power systems, heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems and renewable energy systems. It applies to all types of single public buildings. |
Title | Department of Issue | Date of Issue | Related Contents |
---|---|---|---|
The Interim Regulation on Special Funds for Energy Conservation of Government Office Buildings and Large-scale Public Buildings [45] | MOF | 24 October 2007 | The central finance supports the construction of energy use supervision system for government office buildings and large-scale public buildings with one-time quota subsidies. Special funds will be arranged to support the building energy conservation of government office buildings and large-scale public buildings. |
The Interim Regulation on Reward for Heat Supply Metering and Energy Conservation of Existing Residential Buildings in North Heating Areas [46] | MOF | 20 December 2007 | Implement the renovation of heat supply metering and energy conservation in existing residential buildings in north heating areas. The reward basis of different climatic regions is 55 RMB/m2 and 45 RMB/m2 for severe cold area and cold area, respectively. |
The Interim Regulation on Financial Subsidy Funds for Production and Usage of Renewable Energy-saving Building Materials [47] | MOF | 14 October 2008 | The central finance arranges special funds to support the production and application of renewable energy conservation building materials, which includes the subsidized interest for expanding business of renewable energy conservation building materials, reward for promotion and application of renewable energy conservation building materials, research and development of relevant technical standards and specifications. |
The Interim Regulation on Financial Subsidy Funds for the Application of Solar Photovoltaic Buildings [48] | MOF | 23 March 2009 | Single project with the installed capacity of solar photovoltaic products larger than 50 kWp can get financial subsidies. Priority support of 13–17 RMB/W will be arranged for the integration project of solar photovoltaic application and building, grid-connected solar photovoltaic building application projects. |
Implementation Plans of Renewable Energy Building Application City [49] | MOF MOHURD | 6 July 2009 | Each demonstration city of renewable energy building application can get subsidy funds for 50 million RMB.The city has large area of promotion and application, advanced and applicable technology type, and good energy substitution effect can get maximum subsidy funds for no more than 80 million RMB. |
Implementation Plans of Accelerating the Application of Renewable Energy Buildings in Rural area [50] | MOF MOHURD | 6 July 2009 | Subsidy standard for ground source heat pump technology application and integrated solar thermal utilization is 60 RMB/m2 and 15 RMB/m2. Solar energy bathroom and solar house can get subsidies for 60% of investment. |
The Income Tax Preferential Catalogue for the Projects of Environmental Protection, Energy and Water Saving [51] | MOF SAT NDRC | 31 December 2009 | Income tax preferential projects include: energy-saving renovation projects of existing high energy use buildings, integrated technology of solar thermal and solar photovoltaic existing buildings, shallow geothermal energy heat pump technological transformation, heat supply metering and energy-saving renovation of existing residential buildings. |
Suggestions on Implementation of Promoting Energy-saving Renovation of Existing Residential Buildings in Hot Summer and Cold Winter Zone [52] | MOF MOHURD | 1 April 2012 | The central finance allocates special funds to support the energy-saving renovation of existing residential buildings in hot summer and cold winter zone. Local finance should take energy-saving renovation as the key point of the energy-saving and emission-reduction financial arrangement. |
The Interim Regulation on Subsidy Funds for Energy-saving Renovation of Existing Residential Buildings in Hot Summer and Cold Winter Zone [53] | MOF | 9 April 2012 | Energy-saving renovation projects of existing high energy use buildings in hot summer and cold winter areas since 2012 can get subsidies from the central finance. |
Guideline for Energy Efficiency Credit [54] | CBRC NDRC | 13 January 2015 | The key service area of energy efficiency credit includes building energy conservation, existing and new residential buildings, public buildings, central heating buildings, energy-saving, optimization of cooling equipment and system, renewable energy application, etc. |
Title | Department of Issue | Date of Issue | Date of Implementation | Related Contents |
---|---|---|---|---|
Design Standard for Energy Conservation of Civil Buildings (Heating Residential Buildings) JGJ26-86 [55] | MHURD | 3 March 1986 | 1 August 1986 | It applies to energy conservation design of central heating residential buildings and residential heating systems. New residential buildings should reduce 30% of energy use at energy use level of 1980. |
Design Standard for Energy Conservation of Civil Buildings (Heating Residential Buildings) (Revision) JGJ26-95 [56] | MHURD | 7 December 1995 | 1 July 1996 | It applies to the design of residential building with central heating in severe cold and cold regions. The building energy conservation target increased to 50%. |
Technical Standard for Energy Conservation Renovation of Existing Heating Residential Building JGJ129-2000 [57] | MHURD | 1 October 2000 | 1 January 2001 | It provides the judgment principles and methods of building energy-saving renovation, and the explanation for heat insulation and heating system transformation. |
Standard for Energy Efficiency Inspection of Heating Residential Buildings JGJ 132-2001 [58] | MHURD | 9 February 2001 | 1 June 2001 | It applies to the residential buildings with central heating and the test of energy conservation of energy-saving technical measures in severe cold regions. |
Design Standard for Energy Conservation of Public Buildings GB 50189-2005 [59] | MHURD AQSIQ | 4 April 2005 | 1 July 2005 | The annual energy use should reduce 50% for the buildings in accordance with this energy conservation design standard. |
Technical Standard for Solar Water Heating System of Civil Buildings GB 50364-2005 [60] | MHURD AQSIQ | 5 December 2005 | 1 January 2006 | It standardizes the design, installation and engineering acceptance of solar water heating system. It applies to new, expanded and renovated civil buildings that use solar water heater systems. |
Standard for Acceptance of Energy Conservation Building Construction GB 50411-2007 [61] | MHURD AQSIQ | 16 January 2007 | 1 October 2007 | It describes the detailed requirements for energy conservation projects, field inspection and quality acceptance of building energy-saving performance. |
Design Standard for Energy Conservation of Residential Buildings in Hot Summer and Cold Winter Zone JGJ134-2010 [62] | MOHURD | 18 March 2010 | 1 August 2010 | The building thermal and HVAC design of residential building in hot summer and cold winter zone must take energy-saving measures. |
Design Standard for Energy Conservation of Residential Buildings in Severe Cold and Cold Zone JGJ 26-2010 [63] | MOHURD | 18 March 2010 | 1 August 2010 | The building thermal and HVAC design should control the heating energy use within the limited range. The average energy conservation ratio should reach 65%. |
Evaluation Standard for Green Buildings GB/T50378-2014 [64] | MOHURD AQSIQ | 15 April 2014 | 1 January 2015 | It applies to the evaluation of green civil buildings, which make clear to take the conservation assessment of energy, land, water and material in the whole life cycle of buildings. |
Design Standard for Energy Conservation of Public Buildings GB 50189-2015 [65] | MOHURD AQSIQ | 2 February 2015 | 1 October 2015 | It covers building thermal, and HVAC system, water supply and drainage, electrical and renewable energy applications, which achieve the complete coverage in the field of building energy conservation. |
Evaluation Standard for Green Store Buildings GB/T 51100-2015 [66] | MOHURD AQSIQ | 8 April 2015 | 1 December 2015 | It applies to the new construction, expansion and reconstruction of different types of store buildings, including store building complex, single store building and store area in the integrated building. |
Evaluation Standard for Green Retrofitting of Existing Buildings GB/T51141-2015 [67] | MOHURD AQSIQ | 3 December 2015 | 1 August 2016 | It requires comprehensively evaluating the planning, building, structure, material, HVAC, water supply and drainage, electrics, construction management and operation management combined with building type, function and location. |
Title | Department of Issue | Date of Issue | Related Contents |
---|---|---|---|
Action Plan for Green Building [68] | NDRC MOHURD | 1 January 2013 | During the 12th Five-Year period, the renovation of heat metering and energy-saving for existing residential building in north heating area will exceed 400 million m2; energy-saving renovation of existing residential building in hot summer and cold winter zone will reach 50 million m2; energy-saving renovation of public buildings and public office buildings will reach 120 million m2. By the end of 2015, 20% of new urban buildings will meet the requirements of green building standards. |
Action Plan for Energy Development Strategy (2014–2020) [69] | CSC | 19 November 2014 | Strengthen the building energy planning; implement the improvement project for building energy efficiency; promote design standard for 75% energy conservation of residential buildings; accelerate the construction of green buildings and renovation of existing buildings; implement public building energy use limits, green building rating and labeling system. By 2020, urban green building will account for 50% of new building; Accelerate the reform of heating metering; implement heating metering charges for new buildings and existing buildings after heating metering renovation. |
Action Plan for Promoting the Production and Application of Green Building Materials [70] | MIIT MOHURD | 31 August 2015 | By 2018, energy use, total emissions of nitrogen oxide and dust of per unit added value of building materials industry will decrease by 8% compared with 2015. For new buildings, the application proportion of green building materials, green building, demonstrating project and existing buildings innovation will be 30%, 50%, 70% & and 80%, respectively. |
Action Plan for Urban Adaptation to Climate Change [71] | NDRC MOHURD | 4 February 2016 | Develop passive ultra-low energy use green buildings actively; improve the building air tightness; strengthen the performance in water collecting and heat insulation; ensure indoor environmental quality under the extreme climates; implement urban renewal and comprehensive transformation of aged residential buildings; raise the renovation standard of energy and water saving for the existing buildings. |
The 13th Five-year Plan Guideline for National Economic and Social Development [2] | CSC | 18 March 2016 | Implement the action plan of national energy conservation; comprehensively implement energy conservation in building and public institutions; implement whole industrial chain development plan of building energy efficiency improvement and green building; complete the energy conservation standard system; increase the building energy conservation standards. |
The 13th Five-year Plan for Energy and Resource Conservation of Public Institutions [72] | NGOA NDRC | 28 June 2016 | Complete the energy and resource conservation management system; establish a relatively complete system of energy conservation organization and management, policy and standard system, technological promotion system, statistical monitoring system, supervision and evaluation system and propaganda training system. By 2020, the total energy use of public institutions will be controlled within 225 million tce. The comprehensive energy use of each person and the energy use of per unit building area will decrease by 11% and 10%, respectively. |
The 13th Five-year Plan for Renewable Energy Development [73] | NDRC | 10 December 2016 | Popularize the solar water heater system in urban civil buildings and rural areas. By 2020, the accumulated installation area of solar water heater system will reach 450 million m2; Accelerate the application of solar heating and refrigeration system in buildings. The heat collection area of solar thermal utilization will reach 800 million square meters. |
The 13th Five-year Comprehensive Work Plan for Energy-saving and Emission Reduction [74] | CSC | 5 January 2017 | Strengthen the building energy conservation. Implement advanced standard leading action of energy conservation, the pilot of ultra-low energy use and near zero energy use buildings. By 2020, urban green building will account for 50% of new building; The energy-saving renovation area of existing residential building and public building will exceed 500 million m2 and 100 million m2. Promote the use of solar energy, shallow geothermal energy, air thermal energy and industrial waste heat to satisfy the demand of building energy use. Strengthen the energy conservation of public institutions. All the new buildings of public institutions should meet the green building standards; promote energy conservation of public institutions by energy performance contracting; promote government to buy energy performance contracting services actively and explore hosted mode of energy utilization. By 2020, the energy use of per unit building area of public institutions and energy use of each person will decrease by 11% and 10%, respectively, compared to the level of year 2015. |
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Yuan, X.; Zhang, X.; Liang, J.; Wang, Q.; Zuo, J. The Development of Building Energy Conservation in China: A Review and Critical Assessment from the Perspective of Policy and Institutional System. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1654. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091654
Yuan X, Zhang X, Liang J, Wang Q, Zuo J. The Development of Building Energy Conservation in China: A Review and Critical Assessment from the Perspective of Policy and Institutional System. Sustainability. 2017; 9(9):1654. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091654
Chicago/Turabian StyleYuan, Xueliang, Xiaoyu Zhang, Jiaxin Liang, Qingsong Wang, and Jian Zuo. 2017. "The Development of Building Energy Conservation in China: A Review and Critical Assessment from the Perspective of Policy and Institutional System" Sustainability 9, no. 9: 1654. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091654